Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/362

* SOCIOLOGY. 308 SOCIOLOGY. ings of like nervous organization behave in like ways. The plwsieal and mental resemblances of ani- mals or of men thus alike are more or less dis- tinctly known to the resembling individuals tliemselves. Animals sympathetically feel them. Human beings botli feel them and intellectually perceive them and reflect upon them. This awareness of resemblance, in whatever degree it exists, is the consciousness of kind. Human beings wlio intellectually as well as sympathetically apprehend their common nature find pleasure in communjcation and acquaintance. They discover that, responding to the same im- pulses, they form common purposes and can work together for common ends. Systematic cooperation thus arising holds men together in those relatively permanent relationships which constitute social organization. Social organiza- tion reacts upon the welfare of the community, furthering survival and individual happiness. A complete description of society should com- prise the following parts: (1) An account of the social population regarded as a physiographic phenomenon, an aggregation of organic units determined by the situation and resources of its habitat. (2) An account of the mental qualities and the conduct of the social population, its sub- jective resemblances and differences: its types of intellect and character; its antipathies and .sympathies : its purposes, its choices, its collec- tive will. These phenomena together are the social mind. (3) An account of the social organization which the social mind creates, and through which its purposes are achieved. (4) An account of the social icelfare resulting from the policies which the social mind has approved, and from the normal functioning of the social organTzation. (1) The Social Population. — An account of the social population must always be prefaced by a physical description of the territory occupied, although, strictly speaking, this is no part of .sociologv' proper. This necessity has been recognized by the National Census Bureau. Since the census of 1890 .in account of the dominant geographical features of our na- tional domain has been included in the reports, and the distribution of population with refer- ence to these features and to altitude, drainage basins, rainfall, and temperature, has been shown. Still more important woiild it be to show the distribution of population with reference to natural resources, namely agricultural fertility, mineral wealth, commercial and industrial op- portunities. Density of population is determined by the combination of two factors, namely the birth rate and the migration rate. No comnuuiity of large dimensions is a purely genetic aggregation, maintained wholly by its birth rate. It is at the same time a congregation, a group brought to- gether in part by the incoming of individuals or families born in other parts. Genetic aggre- gation itself is more or less complicated by variation, and this, in combination with the re- sults of migration, gives rise to a composition of the population of elements more or less un- like. The physical differences thus comprised include organic variation, differences of age, the difference of .sex. and the degrees of kinship. The degrees of kinship include consanguinity, or the nearest degree of blood relationship ; pro- pinquity, the somewhat remoter degree of neigh- boring communities that have much intermar- ried; nationality, the kinship of those who from tlieir birtii have been of the same speech and political association; potential nationality, or nationality in the making; ethnic race, glottic race, chromatic race, and cephalic race. These compound race terms are used to avoid confusion. Ethnic race includes those nearly related nationalities which speak closety related languages and exhibit common psychological characteristics. For e.xample. the Teutonic race includes the Saxon-English, the Dutch, the Ger- mans, and the Scandinavians, all related na- tionalities. The glottic race is a .vet broader kinship which includes those related ethnic races which at some remote period had a common cul- ture and .spoke the same language, as, for es- amjile, the Ar^'an glottic race, which includes the Teutons, the Celts, the Latins, and the Slavs. Chromatic race is that remote degree of relation- ship which includes all glottic races of the same general color of the skin and type of hair. Cephalic race is that most remote degree of kin- ship which is manifested in peculiarities of cranial structure. There are variois gradations from the dolichocephalic, or long head of the negro, to the brachycephalic. or broad head of the ilongol. The influence of the physical environment is seen in the degrees to which a population is heterogeneous, no less than in the degree of den- sity. The causation, however, is perhaps more in- direct. Naturally isolated regions, and regions that ofl'er no gi'eat temptation to immigration, remain relatively homogeneous. Agricultural regions remain more homogeneous in population than mining regions or points of commercial or industrial opportunity. Regions of great agricultural fertility which share also in other advantages have usually in the world's history become heterogeneous in population through another cause also besides immigration. Armed invasion and conquest have brought differing, often alien, races into enduring contact, and their relations have commonly been determined more directly than has generally been supposed by the physical environment, which has caused a scat- tering or a concentration of the invaders or of the invaded, or of both. Sooner or later, what- ever the admixture of nationalities and races, a large degree of amalgamation t.akes place in every population through intermarriage. While external influences may be tending to make a social population composite, its own internal forces work toward homogeneity and unity. (2) The .STociV// ilfmfZ.— The" evolution 'of the social mind is determined by those physical facts of the density and composition of a social popula- tion which condition its subjective life. The more homogeneous a population is the more certainly will its individuals be moved by common im- pulses. Heterogeneous populations have varied interests, which is another Avay of saying that they respond to differing stimuli. Again, the va- riety and intensity of the stimuli themselves are determined partly by the environment, and partly by the demotic composition. The like responses from which social activities are developed are temporary or habitual, and the stimuli of temporary like responses include near- ly all of the initial causes of association. ^Vhere the stimuli are persistent and lead to habitual