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* SMYRNA. 272 SMYTH. libraries are attached to some of the higher schools, and hospitals and other benevolent insti- tutions are maintained by the foreign colonies. The industries are limited in extent, and the product for which the town is most famous, Smyrna rugs, comes from the small places around the" city. The chief manufactures are silk, woolen, and cotton goods, pottery, leather, and some ma- chinery and iron and steel products. The chief exports are tigs, raisins, tobacco, rugs, silk, sponges, hides, cereals, etc. The imports are manufactures, coal, iron, dairy products, etc. The annual value of the trade averages over $25,000,000 and the value of the exports in 1901 was over .■li20,000,000. A considerable proportion of the commerce is with Great Britain. Smyrna has a curious municipal form of gov- ernment. The Christian and Jewish communities have separate elected councils presided over by the respective religious heads of the communities. The population is estimated at 250,000, of whom over one-half are Greek, including about 45,000 Greek subjects. The ^Nlohanimedans constitute about one-ifourth of the population. History. Old Smyrna was an ^Eolian colony, but early in the seventh century B.C. was seized by exiles from Colophon, and thus brought into the Ionian League. Its situation, which com- manded the route from Sardis to the coast, en- abled it to develop a rich commerce, but excited the jealousy and aggressions of the Lydian kings, Gyges was" defeated, but Alyattes about B.C. 575 captured and destroyed the city. Only a village remained at this point until after the Macedonian conquest. Antigonus began to build the new city on the shore a few miles southeast of the old site. His death (B.C. 301) checked its growth, but it was completed by Lysimachus. It was laid out with great nlagni'ticeiice, and adorned with several fine buildings, among which was the Homereum, where the poet was worshiped as a hero. The city had an excellent harbor and, from its admi- rable situation, soon became one of the finest and most nourishing cities in Asia. It seems to have been favored by the Seleucidae and in B.C. 24.3 was declared by Seleucus II. sacred and invio- lable. This position of neutrality must have aided its growth. It was treated with consideration by the Romans, and when it suffered severely in a.d. 179 from an earthquake, the Emperor Marcus Aurelius helped to restore it. It is mentioned in the Apocalypse as the seat of a Christian church, and it is said to have been the scene of the martyrdom of Polycarp. Throughout the greater part of the iliddle Ages Smyrna belonged to the Byzantine Empire. In the fourteenth cen- tury it passed into the possession of the Knights of Saint John. The Mongols under Tamerlane destroyed it in 1402. Since the early part of the fifteenth century the town has belonged to the Turks. Consult: Scherzer, Smyrne (Leipzig, 1880) ; Georgiades, Smyrne et L Asie Mineure au point de vue ^conomique (Paris, 1885) ; Rougon, Smyrna (ib.. 1889) : Lane, Smyrnocorum Res Gestw et Aiitiquitates (Giittingen, 18611: and the inscriptions and other monuments published in the Mouircroi' Koi (3i/3(o9yJ)c»; ttjs eiayyeXiKrjs o-xoKtj^ (Smyrna, 1874 et seq.). SMYRNA RUGS. See Rugs. SMYTH, smith. CnARLES Piazzi (1819-1900). An English astronomer, born in Naples, Italy. He was employed in the observatory at the Cape of Good Hope under Sir Thomas Maclear, and was astronomer royal of Scotland (1845-1888). He made elaborate studies of the Great Pyramid of Egypt, which he maintained was built by divine inspiration as a standard of weights and meas- ures. He advocated this peculiar theory in several books. Smyth was very eccentric and became tlic hero of numerous anecdotes current in astronomical circles. SMYTH, Egbert Coffix (1829-1904). An American educator, born at Brunswick, Me, He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1848, studied divinity in the seminary at Bangor, and entered the Congregational ministry. In 1854 he be- came professor of rhetoric at Bowdoin, and from 1850 to 180.3 was professor of natural and re- vealed religion there. In 1863 he accepted the professorship of ecclesiastical history at the An- dover Tbeologieal Seminary. In 1878 he was chosen president of the Andover facult.v. He contributed frequently to current denominational literature, and was one of the founders and editors of the Aiidoier Review. Among his writ- ings are a translation of Uhlhorn's Conflict of Christianity iritli Ecuthenism (1879), which he made in collaboration with C. J. H, Ropes, and Influence of Jonathan Edirards on the Spiritual Life of Xcir England (1901). SMYTH, Herbert Weir (1857—). An American classical scholar, born at Wilmington, Del, He was educated at Swarthmore College, at Harvard L'niversity, and at Giittingen. After teaching at .lohns Hopkins, he was appointed professor of Greek in Bryn Mawr College in 1888, and in 1901 was appointed to a similar position at Harvard University. In the following year he was elected to the Eliot professorship of Greek langviage and literature. He was profes- sor in the American School of Classical Studies at Athens in 1899-1900. His most important publications are The Dialects of Greece (1894) and Greek Melic Poetry (1900). SMYTH, or SMITH, John (?-lfil2). An Englisli clergyman, known as the 'Se-baptist.' He graduated at Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1575, became a fellow of his college, and took orders. He was publicly rebuked by the univer- sity authorities for advocating a Judaic observ- ance of Sunday in 1586. He preached in Lincoln, 1603-1605: then left the established Church and set up an independent congregation at Gains- borough in 1006. About 1608 he went to Amster- dam, where he adopted Arminian principles and publicly baptized himself, whence he gained his name of the 'Se-baptist,' His views changed rapidly and in a short time he and those who agreed with him were excommunicated by the Amsterdam Chui-ch. After his death (at Am- sterdam, 1012), the remnant of his followers joined the Mennonites. Smyth wrote several theological and controversial treatises. He was the author of some of the first expositions of Gen- eral Baptist principles, which were printed in England, and hence has been regarded as the 'father' of the English General Baptists. Con- sult Dexter. The True Stoi-y of John Smyth, the Sr-haptist (Boston, 1881)." SMYTH, Sasiuel Phillips Xewman (1843 — ), An American clergj-man and author, born in Brunswick, Me. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1803, and afterwards served as lieu-