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* SMITH. 261 SMITH. the opposition of his son, Joseph Smith, third, lie was succeeded in the presidency of tlie Church by Brigham Young (q.v.). See Mormons. SMITH, Joseph (1832—). A Mormon leader, son of Joseph Smith (q.v.), founder of the Mormon Church. He was born at Kirtland, Ohio, and received a common school education at the Mormon settlement of Nauvoo, 111., but he did not join his fellow-religionists in their migra- tion to Utah. He opposed the practice of polyg- amy, became a leader among the Mormons of the Middle ^^'est, and in 1800 was chosen president of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. In 1863 he became editor of the ilormon paper, the Saints' Herald. SMITH, Joshua Toulmim (1816-1869) ( known in letters as Toulmin Smith ). An Eng- lish lawyer and author. He was born in Bir- mingham, England. He studied law, first with a local solicitor, and afterwards at Lincoln's Inn, London. In 1837 he came to the L'nited States, settling eventually in Boston, where he gave lec- tures on phrenology' and other subjects. His studies of the Icelandic sagas resulted in The Northmen in 'Xew England, or America in the Tenth Century (1839). said to be the earliest account in English of the voyages of the Iceland- ers to Vineland. He returned to England in 1842. At the time of his death he was at work on a Hist or It of English Oihls, which was edited in 1870 by his daughter for the Early English Text Society. SMITH, JuDSON (1837—). An American educator and missionary, born at Middlefield, Mass. He graduated at Amherst in 1859, and at the Oberlin Theological Seminary in 1863, and was ordained a Congi-egational minister in 1866. He was professor of Latin in Oberlin in 1866-70, of ecclesiastical history in the Oberlin Theological iSeminary in 1870-84, and was lecturer on modern history there in 1875-84. In 1884 he became cor- responding secretary of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign ilissions. He visited the Board's missions in Turkev in 1888 and those in China in 1898. From 1882 till 1884 he was editor of the Bibliotheea iS'ocra, and was its asso- ciate editor after that time. He published Lec- tures in Church History and the History of Doctrine from the Beginning of the Christian Era till ISG', (1881) 'and Lectures on Modem History (1881). SMITH, Melaxctox (1810-93). An American naval olliccr, born in New York City. He was appointed a midshipman in the navy in 1826. and in 1839 on board the Poinsett cooperated with the land forces against the Seminole Indians in Florida. He became a commander in 1855, and in 1861-02 commanded the Massachusetts in the Gulf Blockading Squadron. He was promoted to be captain in 1862. He connnanded the naval forces in the capture of Biloxi. Miss., and after running by the Confederate forts took part in the capture of Xew Orleans. He attacked and destroyed the Confederate ram Manassas, but in the attack on Vicksburg his vessel, the Mis- sissippi, ran aground while attempting to pass the Confederate batteries, and had to be aban- doned. In the battle of Jlobile Bay he distin- guished himself particularly in command of the Monongahela, and in both attacks on Fort Fisher commanded the Wabash. He became a commo- dore in 1806, and a rear-admiral in 1870, and retired in 1871. SMITH, MuNROE (1854—). An American jurist and historian, born in Brooklyn, X. Y. He graduated at Amherst in 1874, and at Columbia Law School in 1877, and in ISSO received the degree of J. U. D. at Giittingen. He was in- structor in Columbia from 1880 to 1883, and adjunct professor of history until 1891, when he was appointed professor of Roman law and comparative jurisprudence. He became an editor of the Political Science Quarterly in 1886, wrote articles on Roman law and cognate subjects for the .Veio International Encyclopwdiu, and con- tributed to .Johnson's Z'uircrsal Encyclopaedia, to Harper's Classical Dictionary, to Lalor's Cyclo- padia of Political Science, and to the American Historical Review, and other periodicals. His separate publications include: Bismarck and German Unity (1898) ; "Orations and Essays of Cicero," in The World's Great Books (1900): and a chapter on "Germanv," in The Xineteenth Century (1901). SMITH, Persifor Frazer (1798-1858). An American soldier, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He graduated at the College of New .lersey (Prince- ton) in 1815, studied law under .Judge Chauncey. and removed to New Orleans. As colonel of Louisiana Volunteers he served against the Seminole Indians in 1836 and 1838. He was brigadier-general of Louisiana Volunteers at the outbreak of the Jlexican War. but entered the regular service of the United States as colonel of mounted rifles, May 27, 1846. He was brevetted brigadier-general for gallantry at ilonterey. and major-general for his conduct at Contreras and Chnrubusco. He was commissioner to arrange an armistice with Mexico in August, 1847, and- was placed in charge of the Second Division of the army. In October, 1847, he was military and civil Governor of Mexico, and in May, 1848', held the same position at Vera Cruz. He remained in the army at the close of the war, became briga- dier-general December 30. 1856, and was sent to Kansas to quiet the disturbances there. SMITH, Richmond Mayo. An American economist. See Mayo-Smith, Richmond. SMITH, Richard Somers (1813-77). An American soldier and educator, born in Philadel- phia, Pa. He graduated at West Point in 1834. He resigned his commission in 1836 and for four years was engaged in engineering work. He was reappointed to the army in 1840, and from 1840 to 1855 was stationed at West Point, first as in- structor and after 1852 as professor of drawing, but again resigned in 1855, and became professor of mathematics at the Brooklyn Polytechnic In- stitute from 1855 to 1859, aiid director of the Cooper Institute in 1859-61. In the latter year he was commissioned major in the Regular Army (Twelfth Infantry), was engaged as a recruiting officer in Maryland and Wisconsin, commanded his regiment in the operations of the Army of the Potomac in 1862, and a brigade in the earlv months of 1863, until after the battle of Chari- eellorsville. He resigned from the armv on May 30. 1863, to become president of Girard' Col- lege, where he remained until 1868. From 1868 to 1870 he was professor of engineering at Penn- sylvania State College, and from 1870 to 1877 was professor of drawing at the United States