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* SMITH. 259 SMITH. at Laue Theologioal Seminary, and in Berlin. He was appointed professor of Hebrew and of Old Testament exegesis at Laue Seminary, 1877. In 1891, after the Briggs heresy case. Professor Smith in an address on Biblical Scholarship and Inspiration urged a distinction between iner- rancy and inspiration, and, for his attack on the former doctrine in the particular case of parallel accounts in Chronicles and in Samuel and Kings, was put on trial by the Presbytery of Cincin- nati in 1892. The trial is outlined from the side of the defendant in his Response, Rejoinder, and Argument (1893) and with all the documents in question in his Inspiration and Inerrancy ( 1893). The sentence of the court was suspension from the ministry until such time as these errors were renounced. In 1893 Professor Smith became professor in Andover Theological Seminary and entered the ministry of the Congregational Church. His chief publications are: The Bible and Islam (Ely Lectures, 1897) ; A Commentary on Hantucl (in "The International Critical Com- mentary," 1899) ; and Old Testament History (in "International Theological Library," 1903). SMITH, Horace. An English humorist. See Smith, .James and Horace. SMITH, James (c.171.5-1806). One of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, born in Ireland. He came to America with his father who settled on the Susquehanna in Pennsylvania in 1729. He was educated at the College of Philadelphia, studied law, and settled near Ship- pensburg, as a lawyer and surveyor, but soon removed to York. He was a delegate to the Provincial Conference to discuss the state of the colonies in July, 1774, raised a volunteer company, and wrote an Essay on the Cmi- stittitional Power of Great Britain Over the Colonies in America. He was a delegate to the Provincial Convention in January, 1775, to the conference in June, 1776, and to the Constitu- tional Convention in July. From 1775 to 1778 he served in the Continental Congi-ess. and dur- ing this time signed the Declaration of Inde- pendence. In 1780 he was a member of the Gen- eral Assembly and afterwards returned to his profession. SMITH, .James (1737-1812). An American backwoodsman, born in Franklin County. Pa. He was captured by the Indians in 1755 and was adopted into the Caughnewaga nation, but es- caped in 1759. He was the leader (1763) of the 'Black Boys,' a company organized to fight the Indians in spite of Quaker opposition, served as lieutenant in Bouquet's expedition of 1764 (see Bouquet, Henry), and in 1766-67. with four companions, explored the southern part of Ken- tucky. In 1769, at the head of eighteen men, he captured Fort Bedford and released several prisoners there, this being the first fort ever taken from British troops by American colonists. He served as captain of rangers in Lord Dun- niore's War and sat in the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1776-77, and in the latter year was commis- sioned colonel and assigned to the frontier service. In 1788 he removed to Bourbon County, Ky. He published An Account of the Remark- able Occurrences in the Life and Travels of Col. James i^mith (1799), considered by Parkman as "perhaps the best of all the numerous narratives of captives among the Indians," and A Treatise on the Mode and Manner of Indian War (1811). SMITH, .Tames (1775-1839) and Horace (17791849), authors of the Rejected Addresses, were sons of a London solicitor. Both were edu- cated at a school at Chigwell. James succeeded his father as solicitor to the Board of Ordnance; Horace adopted the profession of stock-broker, and made a handsome fortune, on which he re- tired with his family to Brighton. Both were ])opular and accomplished men — James remark- able for his conversational powers and gayety, and Horace distinguished for true liberalitj' and benevolence. The work by which they are best known is a small volume of verse parodies or imitations, perhaps the most felicitous in the language. On the opening of the new Drury Lane Theatre in October, 1812, the committee of management advertised for an address to be spoken on the occasion, and the brothers adopted a suggestion made to them, that they should write a series of supposed "Rejected Addresses." They accomplished their task in six weeks — James furnishing imitations of Wordsworth, Southey, Coleridge, Crabbe, Cobbett, etc., and Horace those of Scott, Byron (all but the first stanza ), Monk Lewis, Moore, and others. Horace Smith wrote several historical novels in imita- tion of Scott. The best is Bramblctye House (1826), dealing with the Commonwealth and the Restoration. Consult Rejected Addresses, ed. by Percy Fitzgerald (London, 1800). SMITH, John ( 1580-1631 ) . A famous adven- turer, colonist, and explorer, born at Willoughby, Lincolnshire, England. He was left an orphan at an early age. At the age of fifteen he ac- companied the sons of an English nobleman on a tour of the Continent, as a page ; btit soon left them and enlisted under the Protestant banner in France. He served as a soldier of fortune in different lands, and. according to the memoirs which he published of his life, met with a series of wonderful and romantic adventures. The most remarkable of these incidents is his victory over three Turks, whom he asserts he slew on one occasion in single combat in Transylvania. For this achievement he claimed to have re- ceived from the prince of that country a pen- sion and a patent of nobility (which he pub- lished in ■ the original Latin), empowering him to emblazon upon his shield the bleeding heads of three Turks. He was taken prisoner, he as- serts, at the battle of Eothenthurm. was sold into slavery, was sent to Constantinople, finally killed his master, and escaped after being be- friended by a Turkish lady. Upon his return to England in 1605 he was induced to take part in the colonization of Virginia, and sailed with the expedition fitted out for this purpose in 1606. He was named a member of the Council to direct the affairs of the infant community in the secret list prepared before the departure of the ships, but during the voyage he was imprisoned on a charge of sedition. C)n the arrival of the vessels, when the sealed instructions were opened, he was not allowed to take his seat. He indignantly demanded an immediate trial, which was finally accorded. He established his innocence, but the jealousy of his comrades still excluded him from his seat. But his military reputation, and his fiery spirit, tempered by prudence and sagacity, soon made his influence felt, and his advice was often sought by the authorities. He was sent on several expeditions for forage