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* SMITH. 254 SMITH. 'Spasmodic' school. Tlic opithct was first used in Bhclxuood's Magazine for ^liiy, 1854. Besides the memoir cited above, consult Brisbane, Early Years of A. Smith (London, 1869). SMITH, Andrew Heermance (1837—). An eminent American ph.ysician, born in Saratoga County, N. Y., and educated at Union College and the College of Physicians and Surgeons. New York City. lie served as surgeon of United States Volunteers in 18(il-62 and as assistant surgeon in the United States Army in 1862-68, resigning in the latter year to practice medicine in New York City. He served for many years as attending physician to Saint Luke's and the Presbyterian Hospitals, and was for a long period a surgeon in the throat department of the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital. He be- came a member of the Association of American Physicians, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, and the Berlin Gesellschaft fiir Heilkunde, and was president of the New Y'ork Academy of Medicine and president of the Medi- cal Association of Greater New York in 1902- 03. Dr. Smith's contributions to our knowledge of pneumonia were frequent and notable, and to him is due the credit of suggesting and exploit- ing the medical uses of oxygen (q.v. ). He also published uuich original work upon the malady termed by him caisson disease (q.v.), which he studied when serving as surgeon to the New Y'ork Bridge Company, during the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. Besides man.v monographs on other medical themes, his publications include valuable papers on inflammation (q.v.), the ex- istence of which as a separate self -perpetuating process, outlasting its cause, he was the first to deny. SMITH, Andrew Jackson (1815-97). An American soldier, born in Berks Count.v, Pa. Ho graduated at West Point in 1838, served on the Soxithwestern frontier and in the Mexican War, and afterwards against the Indians in Oregon and Washington Territor.y. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was commissioned colonel of the Second California Cavahw. He served as chief of cavalry successively in the departments of the Missouri and the Mississippi up to July. 1862; and on March 17, 1862, was commissioned briga- dier-general of United States volunteers. He was engaged at the siege of Corinth, in the Y'azoo River expedition (December. 1862), in the attack on Arkansas Post (.January. 1863). and in the Vicksburg campaign, in which he commanded a division of the Thirteenth Armv Corps. Subse- quently he commanded a division in the Sixteenth Arni,y Corps, took part in Banks's Red River expe- dition, and for services at the battle of Pleasant Hill, La., April 9, 1804, he received the brevet of colonel in the Regular Army. He was commis- sioned major-general of volunteers, May 12. 1864; later in the year was engaged in Mississippi and Tennessee, and participated in the battle of Nash- ville, December 15-10, 1804, receiving for gallant and meritorious services in that struggle the bre- vet rank of major-general in the ifegular Army. He was placed in command of the Sixteenth Army Corps in February, 1805, and took part with it in the Mobile campaiprn, and in the operations against Montgomerv. Leaving the volunteer ser- vice in .Tanuarv, 1806, he was appointed colonel of the Seventh Cavalrv. In Mav, 1869, he re- signed from the army and was appointed ,post- nuistor at Saint Louis, Missouri. SMITH, Benjamin Bosworth (1794-1884). An American prelate, for sixteen years presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church. He was born at Bristol, R. I., and educated at Brown Llniversity, where he graduated in 1810. The following ,vear he was ordained, beginning his ministry in Mar- blehead, Mass. He held several pastoral charges, and was for a time editor of The Episcopal Re- corder, an influential paper in Philadelphia. His last rectorship, in Lexington, K,y., he held until 1837, though in 1832 he had become bishop of the diocese. At the death of Bishop Hopkins in 1808, as the senior in consecration he became pre- siding bishop. The most important event of his tenure of this oflice was the organization of the separatist movement which became the Reformed Episcopal Cluirch, luider the leadership of Bishop Smith's own assistant bishop, George David Cum- mins. He died in New Y'ork Cit.v, where he had resided after age and infirmity had made it im- possible for him to continue active episcopal work. SMITH, Buckingham (1810-71). An Ameri- can antiquarv, born on Cumljerland Island, Ga. He graduated at the Harvard College Law School in 1830, practiced for a time in Maine, but removed to Florida and became a member of the Territorial Legislature. From 1850 to 1852 he was secretarv to the Ignited States Legation in Mexico, and acted as charge d'afl'aires in 1851. Here he studied Indian philology and began to collect material on the Spanish exploration and settlement of America. While secretary of le- gation at Madrid (1855-58), he collected further' material from the Spanish archives. He returned, to Florida in 1859. and became a judge and a member of the State Senate. Among his trans- lations and other publications are: Narrative of Alvar yiii'iex Caheza de Taca (1851; new ed. 1871) ; (Iranniiatical Sketch of the Heve Lan- giiaf/e (1801): Grammar of Pima or Ncrome, a Lanfiuape of Sonora (1802) : and Narratives. of the Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Florida (1S06). SMITH, CHARLE.S Emory (1842—). An American journalist and politician. He was born at Mansfield. Conn., and graduated at Union College in 1861. In 1865 he became editor of the Alban.v E.rj)ress, and several .vears later of the. Eveninq Post. For man.v years he took an active interest in politics as a Republican and stooil high in the party's councils. He removed to Philadelphia in 1880, and as editor of The Press continued to take part in jjolitics. From 1890 till 1892 lie was American Minister to Russia, and was active in distributing supplies to the famine sufferers in that country. From 1898 till 1902 he was Postmaster-General of the United States. An important measure of his administration was the establishment of rural mail routes. SMITH, Charles Ferguson (1807-62). An American soldier, born in Philadelphia. Pa. He graduated at West Point in 1825, and served with distinction through the Mexican War. During the Civil War he rose to the rank of major-gen- eral in the Federal Army, and was for some time commander of the District of Western Kentucky. He led the decisive charge at Fort Donelson and soon afterward he was given command of the