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* SIVA. 207 SIX-PRINCIPLE BAPTISTS. called Loidj or Great Lord, Jlaliesvara, or San- kara, Beneficent, or Pasnpati, Kine-lord, Shep- herd, or simply Mahadeva, great god. The eult of Siva has much in common with Buddhism, and in the art of e.SOO a.d. the two are confused. To-day the Siva cult in its various forms (see Saivas) is the most universal in India. See Siva in Plate of Hindu Deities, under Ikdia. SIVAS, ss'vas'. The capital of the Vilayet of Sivas, Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Kizil Irmak at an altitude of 4420 feet (Map: Turkey in Asia, G 3). It covers a large extent of ground, is well built, and has numerous old mosques, klians, gardens, and excellent bazaars. It contains several interesting ruined medresses, or colleges, beautifullj' decorated. Besides the Greek churches, there are a Roman Catholic and a Protestant church. The manufactures include coarse woolens and jerked beef. Sivas is built on the site of the ancient Seb(hstia. It was formerly one of the most important cities of Asia Minor, and in the fourteenth century had 100,000 inhabi- tants. Population, about 44,000. SIVASH, se'viish', or Putrid Sea (Russian Gnilofic More). A lagoon on the cast coast of the Crimea, separated from the Sea of Azov by a narrow sand-bar, the Tongue of Arabat. It is 68 miles long, from 2 to 14 miles wide, and extreme- ly shallow, consisting largely of salt marshes. The water is stagnant and excessively salt. SIVATHERIUM (Neo-Lat., from Skt. Siva, name of a Hindu god -|- Gk. S-qplop, thvrion, diminutive of 9-ijp, thvr, wild beast). An extinct girafl'e, of much larger size than the living spe- cies, found fossil in the Siwalik beds of Pliocene age in India. The skull was heavily built and provided with two pairs of horns, of which the anterior pair were small and pointed, while the posterior pair were large and slightly palmate with a few short prongs. Another genus, Samo- therium, from the Pliocene of the Isle of Samos, had shorter neck and limbs than those of the modern girafl'e, and the skull of the male alone was provided with a single pair of frontal horns. SIVOBI, se-vo're, Ernesto Camillo (1815- 94). An Italian violin virtuoso, born in Genoa. At the age of five years he commenced his stud- ies with Restano, after which he became a pupil of Costa and finally of Paganini, whom he adopted as his model. In 1827 he went to Paris, where he won remarkable success by his mar- velous technique. In 1829 he toured Italy, Ger- many, and Russia, and in 1846 America. He composed several concertos and many other works for the violin. He died in Genoa. SIWAH, se'wil (anc. Ammonium) . An oasis in the Libyan Desert in the northwestern part of Egypt, 280 miles southwest of Alexandria (Map: Africa G 2). It is nearly 20 miles long and over one mile broad, and has about 25 square miles of agricultural land. It lies nearly 100 feet below sea-level, is watered by numerous streamlets, small lakes, and marshes, and is cov- ered with palm groves and orchards. Population, about 7000, mostly engaged in the cultivation of dates, which form a very important item of export, amounting to 3.000.000 pounds annually. There is a theological seminary. The Temple of Ammon was famous for its oracle in ancient times. In the vicinity is situated the celebrated Fountain gf the Sun, mentioned by Herodotus. The miniature town of Siwah is compactly built with lofty dwellings. There is also another settlement, called Agermi, with remains of ancient temples, SIX ACTS, The. The name given to a num- ber of measures enacted by the British Parlia- ment in 1819-20 aiming at the repression of the growing democratic movement. The freedom of speech and of the press and the right of associa- tion were greatly restricted. See Great Britain. SIX ARTICLES, The Statute of. An Eng- lish act to preserve uniformity in religious cus- toms. The appearance of the Bible in the English version of tlie Reformers gave rise to the eager discussion of religious and theological questions among all classes of Protestants. The mass and other oflices of the ancient Church were ridiculed or travestied. All this was thoroughly hateful to Henry VIII., who had no sympathy with the Dissenters. Accordingly the reactionarj' Parliament of 1539 passed a statute for the enforcement of the uniform profession of six cardinal doctrines ; ( 1 ) Transubstantiation, or the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist ; (2) celibacy of the clergy; (3) communion in one kind only ; ( 4 ) monastic vows; (5) private masses; and (6) auricular confession. So severe were the penalties for dis- obedience that the act has been called the 'Bloody Statute.' Burning was the punishment pre- scribed for denying the real presence; and the same penalty was enforced for a second offense in the case of the other five articles. Refusal to confess or to attend mass was made a felony. Five hundred Protestants in London alone were indicted ; and at least twenty-eight persons were executed. But, ow'ing to the influence of Crom- well, the enforcement of the statute was soon relaxed. Consult: Green, History of the English People (London, 1879-81); Hallam, Constitu- tional Bistort/ (new ed., ib., 1876). SIX COMPANIES, The Chinese. Six mutual aid associations representing six different parts of the Province of Kwang-tung, China. They are partly benevolent and partly commer- cial, taking care of emigrants from China, giving advice and aid when needed, acting as their bankers, looking after the sick, and for- warding the bodies of the dead to their friends in China, for burial in their native place. Mem- bership is entirely voluntary, and they are in no sense secret societies. They are an outgrowth of the conditions prevailing in the middle of the nineteenth century when coolie labor was needed, and was supplied to contractors in the United States by contractors in Hong Kong, Canton, Macao, and elsewhere, whose agents were settled in San Francisco. In course of time groups of these agents found it necessary to combine for self-protection, and on the passing away of the coolie traffic and all forms of contract labor, and the restriction of immigration, these developed into benefit and protection societies, lending mone}'', and engaging in such commercial opera- tions as may convenience or enrich their mem- bers. The Six Companies are: Ning Yeung, the largest and most powerful ; Hop Wo, Kong Chow, Yung Yo. Sam Yup. and Yang Ying, SIX NATIONS. See Iroquois, SIX-PRINCIPLE BAPTISTS. See Bap- tists,