Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/245

SIOUX. Mde-wakantonwan, ‘spirit lake village’ (Mde-wakanton); Waqpekuté, ‘leaf shooters;’ Waqpetonwan, ‘leaf village’ (Wahpeton); Sisitonwan, ‘swamp village’ (Sisseton); Ihanktonwan, ‘end village’ (Yankton); Ihanktonwanna, ‘upper end village’ (Yanktonais); Titonwan, ‘prairie village’ (Teton). The first four are known collectively as Isañati or Santee. The Yankton and Yanktonais resided in that part of Dakota east of the Missouri. The Teton, constituting two-thirds of the whole nation, lived west of the Missouri upon the buffalo plains. The Teton are further subdivided into Oqalala (at Pine Ridge), Brulé (at Rosebud and Lower Brulé agencies), Hunkpapa (at Standing Rock Agency), Two Kettle, Sans Arc, Miniconjou, etc. There are three principal dialects, Teton, Yankton, and Santee, distinguished chiefly by differences in the use of l, n, and d, as exemplified in the various forms of the tribal name. (See above.) The languages have been much cultivated, an alphabet having been adapted to it by the missionaries, so that it now has a considerable literature, including two small newspapers, while nearly all the men can read and write it. It is vocalic, euphonious, but strongly nasal.

The sedentary and agricultural eastern (Santee) Sioux were commonly rated as inferior to their western brethren, who were typical nomad warriors and hunters, the lords of the plains, before whom no other tribe could stand. Their great number and conscious strength bred a brave and haughty manliness which still remains with them. They lived almost exclusively by the buffalo, following with their skin tipis wherever the herds migrated. Beyond what the buffalo gave them of food, clothing, and shelter they had only their horses, dogs, and weapons, nor cared for more. Their greatest ceremony was the annual (q.v.), held under the direction of the warrior societies, and usually accompanied by voluntary self-torture. The eastern Sioux have been civilized and Christianized for a generation. The western bands are only now beginning to accept the white man's road, but their high character and intelligence bid fair to bring them rapidly to the front. As usual, however, the yearly census shows a decrease, largely from tuberculosis. The whole number of the Sioux is now somewhat over 24,000, distributed as follows: Canada (refugees from United States), 600; Minnesota, 930; Montana (Fort Peck Agency), 1180; Nebraska (Santee Agency), 1310; North Dakota (Devil's Lake and Standing Rock agencies), 4630; South Dakota (Cheyenne River, Crow Creek, Lower Brulé, Rosebud, and Pine Ridge agencies), 15,480. See Colored Plate of, under.  SIOUX CITY. The county seat of Woodbury County, Iowa, 156 miles northwest of Des Moines; on the Missouri River, at the junction of the Big Sioux and the Floyd (Map:, A 2). Among the railroads that enter the city are the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul, the Chicago and Northwestern, the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha, the Illinois Central, the Great Northern, and the Union Pacific. It is the seat of Morningside College (Methodist Episcopal), opened in 1890, and of the Sioux City College of Medicine. The public library contains nearly 15,000 volumes. The high school building, Saint Joseph's Mercy Hospital, and

the German Lutheran and the Samaritan hospitals are other prominent features. The most noteworthy of the city parks is the Floyd Memorial, 20 acres in area, along the river front. Sioux City is situated in an extensive corn-growing and stock-raising region. In the census year 1900 capital to the amount of $5,691,644 was invested in the various industries, which had an output valued at $15,469,702. There are flouring and grist mills, foundries, machine shops, meatpacking establishments, saddlery and harness manufactories, and a brewery. Cudahy, Armour, and Swift have large packing plants here, and the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul and the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha railways have extensive machine and repair shops. The city spends annually for maintenance and operation about $361,000, the principal items being: schools, $123,000; streets, $42,000; fire department, $30,000; interest on debt, $24,000; water-works, $24,000; municipal lighting, $17,000. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Settled as a trading station in 1849, Sioux City was laid out in 1854 and was chartered as a city in 1857. During its early years it was an important military post, and was the place where the various Black Hills expeditions were fitted out. Population, in 1890, 37,806; in 1900, 33,111.  SIOUX FALLS. The county seat of Minnehaha County, S. D., 90 miles north of Sioux City, Iowa; on the Big Sioux River, here spanned by four bridges, and on the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul, the Great Northern, the Illinois Central, the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha, and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroads (Map:, J 6). It has the Sioux Falls College (Baptist), a Lutheran Normal School, All Saints School, and the State School for Deaf Mutes. Other prominent features are the State and Federal Penitentiary, Children's Home, the United States Government building, the court-house, and the public library. Sioux Falls is surrounded by a section engaged in farming and cattle-raising, but is chiefly important as the centre of extensive stone-quarrying and manufacturing interests. There are boiler and sheet iron works, a flouring mill, bottling establishments, and carriage and broom manufactories. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen biennially, and a unicameral council. Settled in 1867, Sioux Falls was incorporated as a village in 1877, and was chartered as a city in 1883. Population, in 1890, 10,177; in 1900, 10,266.  SIPHON (Lat. sipho, from Gk., siphōn, pipe, tube; perhaps connected with Lat. tibia, SIPHON pipe, shin-bone). A tube in the form of a U and used in an inverted position to remove a liquid from one vessel to another. One arm of the tube, A, is placed in the liquid, while the other, B, which must extend below the level of the liquid, is outside and forms the outlet. If now the air is exhausted from the tube, the liquid will rise from the pressure of the atmosphere, and will