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* SINGLE TAX. 198 SINJIRLI. values and to free personal property from taxa- tion, in case they desire to do so. BiBLiOGBAi'iiY. George, Progress and Poverty <New York, 1879) ; id., Hocial Problem (ib., 18'Jti) ; id., The Land Question (London, 1883) ; Shearman, yatural Taxation (New York, 1895) ; Seligman, Essai/s in Taxation (3d ed., ib., 1900) ; Walker. Political Economy (ib., 1883) ; Spahr, Political Science Quarterly, vol. vi., No. 4; Pro- ceediii(/s of American liocial Science Association (1890). Periodicals: The Single Tax Review (New York City); Land Values (Glasgow); The Piihlic (Chicago). SINGPHOS, sing'foz. A people of Northern Burma of doubtful racial affinities. Certain authorities group theni with the Burmese, while others cla.ss them as one of the divisions of the Shans. SING SING. The former name of Ossining (q.v.). SINGSING (African name). An antelope (Cohus defassa) of Western and Central Africa, which differs from the waterbuck (q.v. ) in its smaller size, the fineness and softness of its hair, a continuous wliitish patch on the buttocks, but none on the throat. See authorities cited under Antelope : and Plate of Antelopes. SINGSPIEL, zing'shpel (Ger., song-jilay). A term designating a kind of operatic production in great favor during the latter half of the eigh- teentl) century. The singspiel differed from the regular opera of that time in the introduction of modern characters, and in the style of its jnusic, which was a conscious imitation of the style of the German folk-songs. The father of the sing- spiel w-as .lohann Adam Hiller (q.v.), who wrote simple airs, imitated from the style of folk- songs, for his bourgeois types, and reserved his arias for persons of rank. The principal com- posers of singspiele were Hiller. Neefe, Reichardt, Schweitzer. Dittersdorf, Kauer. Weigl, Schenk, and Haydn (Der km mine Teufel). SINGULARITIES. See Curve. SINIGAGLIA, se'negjilya. A city of Italy. See Senig.llia. SI'NIM. A land mentioned in Isaiah xlix. 12. From the connection it is evident that a country in the Far North or East is intended: conse- quently the Phoenician Sinim (Genesis x. 17) cannot be considered. The oldest •Greek version rendered 'the land of the Persians:' Aquila, Theo- dotion, and Symmachus transliterated the He- brew as Sincin, the Syriac as Henyam. Jerome and the Aramaic Targum translated 'the South Land.' Arias Montanus was the first to sug- gest China, and has had many followers. But it has been shown, particularly by Terrien de Lacouperie, that this is impossible. As the ter- ritories of Tsin and Thien on the Hoang-ho in the north cannot have been intended, the name Tsin for China can only be the designation de- rived from the Tsin dynasty, which came upon the throne in B.C. 2.5.5. This was indeed rendered Sin by Ptolemy (vii. 3), bxit Syrians and Arabs always transcribe it as Zih, and that would have been the probable pronunciation among the He- brews. As this passage may have been written as early as B.C. 540, the Chinese Tsin cannot have been meant. Nor is Shina at the foot of Hindu- kush, proposed by De Lacouperie, more probable. Saadia thought of Sin (Pelusium in Egypt) and lie lias been followed by Bochart and Kwald. JJillniann thought of the wilderness of Sin (Ex. xvi. 1) and the mountain of Sinai. J. D. Jlichaelis and Doederlein first proposed and Klostermann, Cheyne. Duhm, and Marti have adopted the explanation of 'the land of Sinim' as Southern Egypt from Syene ( Assuan, q.v. ). Cheyne reads Senanim. That there were dis- ])crscd .Jews in the region in B.C. 540 is. liowever, difficult to prove. The Greek version suggests that the text originally had a name for Persia or Media. A later copyist may have thought of Genesis x. 17. Consult: Terrien de Ijacou)>erie, Babylonian and Oriental Record (London, 188G) ; and the commentaries on Isaiah Ijy Dillmaiin (Leipzig, 1890). Duhm (Gottingen, 1892), Mar- ti (Tiibingen 1900), and Chevne (New York, 1898). SINITIC. A term used by certain ethnologists to designate the group of peoples made up of the Chinese proper, the Tibetans, and the Indo-Chi- nese, all of whose languages liave peculiar fea- tures and such affinities that they all point to one aiiccstrnl stock. SINJIRLI, sin'jlr-le'. The name of a Kurdish village in Nortli Syria under Mount Ainanus, 40 miles northeast of Alexandretta. The liill or tell on which the village lies is one of several hundreds in that region which scholars have recognized as marking the sites of ancient cities. In 1883 Dr. von Luschan pointed out the eligi- bility of this site for excavation, and when in 1888 the Germans formed their Orient-Gcsell- schnft, Sinjirli was selected for the first opera- tions. In the same summer an expedition was sent out, followed by a second in 1890 and by a third in 1890-91, all of which were under the direction of Von Luschan except that Dr. Hu- mann acted as director in the beginning of the first campaign. Among other scholars participat- ing were Euting and Koldewey. The excava- tions uncovered the remains of an ancient city, which was surrounded by two walls, while the inner acropolis was defended by two or three lines of fortification. The massive character of these structures, especially of the gates and of the sculptures, showed that the expedition was making the first excavation of a city originally Hittite, although almost nothing in the way of inscriptions was found here. (See Hittites.) A more recent part of the city was also discovered which is evidently Aramaic in character. The first important find in the way of inscriptions was a monolith of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria, one of the largest known, remarkable for its rich sculpture and for details of religious value, con- taining an inscription'of fifty-nine lines in which the monarch celebrates the triumph of his second campaign against Egypt, about B.C. 670. Ara- maic inscriptions were found which are of great value for the additions they make to our knowl- edge of Syrian politics and civilization. The earliest of these is the Hadad inscription found in a neighboring village. This is written on a cylinder of dolerite of original height of 4 meters and of 2..5 meters circumference, sur- mounted by the bust of the Syrian god Hadad. On the lower part is an inscription of thirty-four lines, the characters of which aie almost identi- cal with those of the Moabite Stone; in it a certain Pananimu, King of Ja'di, celebrates his