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* SINDHI LANGUAGE. 192 BINDING. have gone, ; luiliu hose, '1 had gone, ; halanduse, '1 shall go,: halandO hunduse, '1 shall be going'; haliO kioiduse, '1 shall have gone"). The past tenses of the transitive verb are lacking, and their place is snpplied by the passive with the agent in the instrumental case. In its vocabu- lary Sindhi, as being the first language of India to come under ilohammedan influence, has incor- porated many Persian and Arabic loan-words. On the other hand, it has borrowed a smaller number of .Sanskrit words than any of the other modern In- dian languages. .Sindhi is divided into a nundier of dialects, which shade off imperceptibly one into another. Of them the most important are Lari, in the Indus delta ; Thareli, in the Sindh desert; and the one which may be called the standard, tSirai, north of Hyderabad. Among the other dialects are Jathki. Vicholi, Kachi. and Jadgali. The alphabets were formerlv numerous, but fell into two classes, the Arabic and those derived from the Sanskrit Devanagari script, and imifomiity in this regard has not yet been at- tained. The distinction in usage was primarily religious, Arabic letters being adopted by the Mo- hammedans, while the Hindus clung to the Indian characters. Sindhi literature is scanty, but there is a rich store 'of popular poetry, tales, and the like which deserve to be reduced to writing. Consult: Cust, Modern Languages of the East Indies (London, 1878) ; Beames, Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languiiges of India (ih., 1872-79); Stack, English and l^indhi Dictionary (Bombay, 1849): id.. Gram- mar of the Sindhi Language (ib., 1849) ; Trunipp. Grammar of the Sindhi Language (London. 1872) ; id., Sindhi licading-Book "(ib., 1858) ; Gajunial, Handbook of Sindhi Proverbs ivith Entitish Renderings and Equivalent Sayings (Karachi, 1895). SIN'DIA. The name of a powerful Mahratta house, which played an important part in the history of India during the eigliteenth and nine- teenth centuries. The rulers of the Mahratta Princi])a!ity of Gwalior. feudatory to the Brit- ish, still bear the name of Sindia. The Sindia family arose in (iwalior, and was of low caste. Its founder was Eanuji Sindia, who had risen to a high rank in the Peshwa's body-guard, and after 174.3 received as an hereditary fief half of the Province of JIalwa. His natural son, Madhava Rao (or Madhaji. or Mahadji) Sindia (1750-94), on the death of Mulhar Rao Holkar in 1707, became the cliief of the Mahratta princes, and commanded the Peshwa's body-guard. Four years later he eoiipe rated with Tukaji Holkar to aid the Peshwa. Madhu Rao, in assisting the Mogul Emperor of Delhi, Shah Alam, to expel the Sikhs from his territories. As a reward for his services Madhava Rao was made virtual ruler of these lands. He fought against the English in the first Mahratta War (1779-82), which was concluded by the Treaty of Salbai. The terms here agreed upon conferred on Madhava Rao the districts won in Gujarat. He quickly extended his power, and in 1784 he cap- tured Gwalior, after which he seized Delhi, Agra. Alighur. and almost the entire Doab (q.v.), and subjugated the Rajput States of .Jodhpur. LMai- pur. and .Jaipur. Madhava Rao's last years were filled with contests against his rival. Xana Far- navese, rmtil his death in 1794. He was suc- ceeded by his grand-nephew, a boy of fourteen, named Daulat Rao (1794-1827), who allied him- self with the Peshwa and with the other Mah ratta chiefs, and plundered Poona and Indore In 1802, while attempting to control Indorp through the imbecile sou of Tukaji Holkar, he and the Peshwa, despite French training and assistance, were crushed at Poona by Tukaji'? illegitimate sou, Jaswant Rao Holkar. In 1803 the second Mahratta War broke out, in which Daulat Rao played a leading part. His forces were defeated in the same year at Assaye and Argaiun by Sir Arthur Wellesley, afterwards Duke (}f ^'ellington, and he agreed to renounce all his claims north of the .Jumna and west of the Chambal, all authority over the Mogul, and all clioiit or tribute from any native princes. After this Sindia avoided conflict with the English, even ofi'ering to help them in 1804 against .Jaswant Rao Holkar, although he later declared for him, but was brought to his senses, and finally was given Gwalior in 1805. which was henceforth his capital. In 1817 he was caught in treasonable negotiations with Xepal, and was com])elled to sign a treaty by which the Rajput States, and all other native States that wislied it, were taken under British protection. He died in 1827 without leaving a son. His widow, Baiza Bai. adopted .Janokji (or Mugat) Rao Sindia (1827-43). After a brief civil war be- tween him and the Queen regent in 1833. .Ja- nokji was recognized as the lawful ruler by the English. His rule was weak and uneventful, and in 1843 he died, leaving no heirs. His girl- widow. Tara Bai. adopted a boy of eight years, •fyaji (or Baji) Rao Sindia (1843-86).' The dnniiniims (if Gwalior were in such a state of aiuuvliy that the British insisted on guarantees for the preservation of tranquillity. These were rejected and a war followed, in which the Mah- rattas were routed December 29, 1843. by Sir Hugh Gough at Maharajpur, and on the same day l)v Major-General Grey at Panniar. The British seized Gwalior six days later, and the Sindia Government submitted to the conditions imposed, being also obliged to maintain a Sepoy contingent at Gwalior. In 1858 Sindia took the field at the head of his army against the Gwalior contingent which had joined the Sepoy mutiny, but he was deserted by most of his troops, and conijielled to flee to Agra. He was subsequently reinstated by Sir Hugh Rose, and received from the British Government numerous tokens of its appreciation of his loyalty. In 1880 Jyaji Rao was succeeded by his adopted son. Madliava Rao Sindia. He was active in reform and good gov- ernment, while his loyalty to the English Gov- ernment was shown in 1900. when he equipped at liis own expense and aceonipanied a hospital ship for the China War. Consult Keene, Madhava Rao Sindhia (Oxford, 1892). SIN'DING, CHRI.STIA^- (1856—). A Norwe- gian composer, born at Kongsberg, Norway. In 1874 he became one of Reinecke's pupils at the Leipzig Conservatory, and studied with him for three years. In 1880, with the Royal Scholar- ship, he studied at Dresden. Munich, and Berlin. He finally settled as organist and teacher, at Christiania. Among his works are three piano- forte quartets, pianoforte quintets, a string quar- tet, a symphony in D minor, two violin sonatas, Ronianze for the violin with the piano: 12 Lieder, "Windrose." op. 28 : Gavotte ; and 3