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* SINCERE BRETHREN. 101 SINDHI LANGUAGE. almost all but the last quarter of the book, pub- lished between 1861 and 1872 (Berlin and Leip- zig), ronoluding with ;i gciiiTal siirvi'V in Dii- I'hiluaophie dcr Anibvr (Leipzig. 1870-79). He has also published as a translation one of the episodes, Der titreit ~ivisclicii M<nsch lotd Thier (Berlin. 1858), and its original (ib., 187'J) ; also a selection of the original texts in Abhand- lungcn der Ichiriin cs-tiiifii (ib.. 1883-86). Con- sult also: Fliigel, in Zritschrift der dciitschen nwrgcnliindixchen Gesellscliiift, vol. .iii. ; and Lane-Poole, studies in a iiosqiie (London, 1883). SINCLAIR', Sir Joh.n (1754-1835). A Scotch politician and author. He was born at Thurso Castle, Caithness, studied at Edinburgh, Cilas- gow, and Oxford, and was admitted to tlie Scot- tish (1775) and English bars (1782). With slight interruptions, he sat in Parliament from 1780 to 1811: in 1701 he established the British Wool .Society, and in 1703 the Board of Agri- culture, of which he was for thirteen years presi- dent. In 1784 he published his Hislorij of the Revenue of the Britisli Empire, but his chief work is the >S(atislical Aeeount of Scotland (21 vols.. 1791-00). He published numerous other volumes, and many pamphlets. See his Corre- spondence (1831). SIND'BAD (or SINE AD) THE SAILOR. The hero of unc of the tales of tlie Anthiiin yiflhts. He is a wealthy Bagdad merchant, who relates the story of his marxelous seven voyages to a di.scontented porter. The history of the third voyage contains the story of Polyphemus. In the fifth he meets the famous Old Man of the Sea (q.v.). SINDH, SIND, or SCINDE. A region in the northwestern ]iart of British India, now form- ing a division of the Bombay Presidency. It lies around the lower course of the Indus, and is bounded on the north by Baluchistan and the Ptuijab. on the east by Rajputana, on the south by the Great Rann and the Arabian Sea. and on the west by Baluchistan lilap: India, A3). The area luider British administration covers 47,066 square miles, and the total area, including the native State of Khairpur, is 53.175 square miles. Sindh belongs physically, to the Piuijab region, and consists in part, like the latter, of very low, flat doabs, or interfluvial regions, here lying be- tween the branches of the great Indus delta. These doabs consist mostly of alluvial clay baked hard in the sun, but toward the east they merge into the sandy wastes of Rajputana. The climate is very hot and dry, the rainfall being entirely insufficient for agriculture. The arable soil con- sists of the rich alluvium deposited in the pe- riodic inundations of the rivers. Agiictilture is dependent almost wholly upon irrigation, which is secured through a system of canals leading from the Indus River and the annual overflow of that river. The extension of these canals by the Government in recent years has increased the area under cultivation. In 1000- 01 the net area cropped amounted to 3,720.433 acres. There are generally two harvests per annum: the first, or rubbi (spring) harvest, con- sists of wheat, barley, oilseeds, millet, durra, opium, hemp, and tobacco; the second, or kurif (autumn) harvest, consists of those crops whose ripening requires much heat, as rice, sugar-cane, cotton, indigo, and maize. The Xorth West Rail- road extends from Karachi northward through the region. The navigation of the Indus has, since the construction of tliis line, been reduced to the traffic of the native boats. Karachi (([.v.) is the principal port for the Pniijab and .orth- west India region. The population in 1001 was 3,212,808, a gain of 12 ])er cent, over 1891, con- sisting of a mixture of Juts (a Hindu race) and Baluchis, with a few Afghans in the nortliwest; the greater ])ortion of llieni are -Moliannnedans. and the remainder profess Hinduism. Tlu' capi- tal of Sindh is Karachi. From the early part of the eleventh century Sindh Wiis generally mider llohanMnedan domina- tion. .mong the media-val ruling ])owers were the dynasties of Ghazni (q.v.) and Ghuri (q.v.). Toward the close of the sixteenth century it passed under the sway of the Great Mogul. (See -Mogul, Great.) Amid the convulsions resulting from the invasion of India b.y Nadir. Shah of Persia, Sindh became in 1748 a feudatory de- ])endenc.v of the Durani dynasty of Kandahar. A little more than a generation later the Talpur Baluchis. who had inunigrated into Sindh. raised their leader, ilir Fath Ali, to su]u-eme power. This chief made large grants of territory to va- rious relatives, reserving most of Lower Sindh for himself and his three bi-others : so that there were four ameers at Hyderabad, three at Khair- ])ur, and one at Jlirpur. On the outbreak of the Afghan War in 1838, the British Govern- ment intimated its intention to take temporary possession of .Shikarpur. and forced the ameers of Hyderabad and Mirpur to agree to a treaty which virtually destroved their independence. Their expressions of disapproval provoked fresh de- mands from the Calcutta Ciovernment. to which the Hyderabad rulers agreed, despite the clamors and threats of their followers, who attacked the British residencv. War with Great Britain broke out in 1843 and an expedition under Sir Charles .James Xapier. the British envo.v, routed the na- tive forces at Jliani and soon completed the sub- jugation of Sindh. The conquered territory was divided into three collectorates. now the districts of Hyderabad, Karachi, and Shikarpur : the Ameer of Khairpur. by continuing faithful to the British, retained his dominions. Consult : Burton, Siyid Remsited (London. 1896) ; Hughes, .1 fUizetteer of the Prorinee of Scinde (2d ed., ib.. 1876), SINDHI (sfn'de) LANGUAGE AND LIT- ERATURE. The modern Indian language and literature of Sindh (q.v.). Sindhi has been de- rived by some scholars from Sauraseni Prakrit, especially in the Abhiri vernacular, spoken in mediaeval times about the mouth of the Indus. Of all the Indian group of languages Sindhi is in manv respects the most interesting linguist ical- l,v. While it is, generally speaking, an analytic language of the same type as English, it retains a number of Prakrit elements, which have been discarded elsewhere. There are. as in Sanskrit (q.v.), eight cases, formed chiefly by postposi- tions, and the verb has three simple tenses, po- tential, aorist, and future, from which the various periphrastic tenses are formed (e.g. ainilni hnlSm. 'I may go:' hnlando htiam. 'I may he going:' haiio hiii'im. 'I mav have gone:' hnlam tho. 'I go;' haliindo iimhiiiam, 'I am going;' halando hijse, 'I was going:' haliufie. 'I went;' hdliuse the, 'I used to go;' haliO arnhiyarii, 'I