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* SIMILARITY. 1S2 SIMMONS COLLEGE. Hence, central symmetry is a special case of similar figures in perspective. The term centre of similitude is due to Euler. (See Stmmetkt.) Some of the principal propositions of Similarity THREE SIMILAR TETRAHEDRA. are: ISvo triangles are similar if they have two angles of one equal to two angles of the other, respectively. Mutually equiangular triangles are similar. If two triangles have the sides of the THREE SIMILAR QUADRILATERALS. one respectively parallel or perpendicular to the sides of the other, they are similar. If two triangles have one angle of the one equal to one angle of the other, and the including sides pro- portional, the triangles are similar. If two tri- angles have their sides proportional, they are similar. If two polygons are mutually equi- angular and have their corresponding sides pro- portional, they are similar. Areas of similar polygons are proportional to the squares of the corresponding sides. Volumes of similar solids are proportional to the cubes of their like di- mensions. Con.sult Beman and Smith, New Plaiie and Solid Geometry (Boston, 1899), pp. 182, 364. SIM'LA. The capital of a district of the Punjab, British India, on a ridge of the Hima- layas, 7000 feet above the sea, 170 miles north of Delhi (Map: India, C 2). It may be termed the official health resort of India, being the residence of the Viceroy of India and his staff during the hot season. It is situated amid magnificent scenery. There are numerous fine public build- ings, and a commodious town hall. In the sur- rounding district European fruits and vegetables are cultivated, and there is an active export trade in fruit, opium, and wool. Population, in 1891, 13,836. SIM'MEL, Georg (1858—). A German soci- ologist, professor in the University of Berlin. His first boolv was Ueber sociale Differenzirung (1890), a suggestive study of the formation of social classes and groups. In his Eivleitiing in die Morahcisscnschaft (1892), he makes an elab- orate criticism of popular ethical notions. He also publislied Die Philosophie dcs Geldes (1900). Consult Bouglg, Les sciences sociales en AUemagne (Paris, 1896). SIM'MONS, Arthur Thomas (1865—). An English physicist. He was born in Devonport, England, and was educated at Hartley College, Southampton, and at the Eoyal College of Sci- ence in London, In 1888 he became lecturer in physics and chemistry at Southport Science and Art Institute, and in 1891 became connected with the scientific staff at Tettenhall College. His publications include many text-books in chemis- try, physics, and elementary science. SIMMONS, Diane (1834-89), An American physician and scholar, born at Glens Falls, X. Y., who in 1859 went to Japan as a medical mission- ary, but soon after entered the service of the Japanese Government. In 1862-63 he continued medical study in Berlin, In 1809 he established the Juzen Hospital, instructing voluntary classes of Japanese doctors, and showing how cholera should be treated with the methods of modern sanitary science. In 1881, his healtli failing, he returned to the United States; but in 1887, drawn again to Japan, he made a systematic study of Japanese feudal institutions. His studies of the Japanese village community are of the highest scientific value, and those on land- tenure and .social institutions have been pub- lished by Wigmore, in the Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, vol. xix. (Yokohama, 1892). SIMMONS, Edward Emerson (1852—). An American painter, born in Concord, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1874 and afterwards studied in Boston, and in Paris under Lefebvre and Boukinger. He executed his first mural decorations for the Liberal Arts Building in Chi- cago in 1893. This able and dignified work was followed in 1895 by decorative paintings in the Court of 0.yer and Terminer in New Y^ork City, for which he received a prize from the Municipal Art Society; by nine paintings in the Congres- sional Library at Washington, D. C, ; and by a panel, "The Justice of the Law," in the Appel- late Court, Xew York City. SIMMONS, Fraxklin ( 1839— ). An Ameri- can sculptor, born in Webster, Maine, and edu- cated at Bates College. In 1865 he went to Washington, where he made life-size medallions of Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, Meade, Farragut, and Porter, and Secretaries Seward and Cliase. After 1868 he lived chielly at Rome, and he was knighted by King Humbert in 1898. He executed many portrait busts in marble ; the monuments to William King and Roger Williams in the Capitol at Washington ; the equestrian statue of General Logan in the Iowa circle at Washing- ton, and the Grand Army of the Republic monu- ment to General Grant in the rotunda of the Capitol at Washington, His ideal statues in- clude "The Young iledusa," "The Seraph Ab- diel," "Paris and Helen," and "Grief and His- tory," on the Peace Jlonument at Washington — one of his early works and one of his best. SIMMONS COLLEGE. An institution at Boston, Mass., incorporated in 1899 and opened in 1902. It was established in accordance with the provisions of the will of John Simmons, a Boston merchant (died 1870), to afford women a practical education in such branches of art, science, and industry as would best enable them to earn an independent livelihood. In 1903 the number of students in the two classes that had been received was 280, and the number of regu- lar instructors 40, in addition to special lectur- ers. The first class numbered 146 and .the fac- ulty 25. The departments of instruction first organized comprised household economics, sec- retarial work, library training, and preparatory for teaching, for medicine, or for nursing. Since