Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/20

* SEVEN DAYS' BATTLES. Farm (June 30th), and Malvern Hill (July 1st). The strength of the Federal army was about 91,- 000 efi'ectivcs enf;ageil, that of 'the Confederate army about 95.000. The Federals lost in killed, wounded, and missing about l(i,000 men, the Con- federates about 20,500. The series of engagements virtually closed the Peninsular campaign. See articles on the various battles, and references thereunder. SEVEN DIALS. A locality in Saint Giles, London, midway between Trafalgar Square and tl»e British Museum, formerly noted as the re- sort of the criminal and degraded classes in the city, and fre<iuently appearing in the writings of Charles Dickens. Seven streets radiated from a ciicular area on which stood a pillar bearing a dial having seven faces. The pillar was re- moved in 1773, and the locality has been greatly improved. SEVEN GODS OF HAPPINESS (Sinico- Jap. Shiclii-fulcu-jin) . A group of divinities, forming a popular appendage to .Japanese Buddh- ism of especial interest to the student of art. They are Fukurukujiu, the god of longevity or wisdom, with an amazingly high forehead; Dui- koku, with a mallet in hand and seated on bags of rice, the patron of worldly prosperity : Ebisu, a fisherman, who provides for the daily sus- tenance; Hotel, the "Monk of the Hempen Bag;" Bishamon, the warrior or god of martial prowess; Benten, the goddess who governs matrimonial affairs: while Jiurojin lends aid to the aspirants after scholastic renown. They form no element of any serious religion, and neither by their attitudes nor their dress suggest things ec- clesiastical. The separate elements of the little group are derived from no fewer than four dif- ferent sources, Buddhism, Brahmanism, Taoism, and Shinto. There is no clue to either the au- thorship or period of this heterogeneous associa- tion, which has no claim to great antiquity, and is the creation of the artist rather than the priest, with a lay following larger than any other group in the pantheon of Japan can claim. Consult Anderson, Descriptive and Historical Catalogue of Japanese and Chinese Paintings in the British Museum (London, 18S6). SEVEN LAMPS OF ARCHITECTURE, The. a treatise on architecture by .John Ruskin (1849), showing the significance of the art as a record of national life and belief. The seven lamps or principles in art-works are Sacrifice, Truth, Power, Beauty, Life, Memory, and Obedience. SEVEN PINES, Battle of, also known as the Battle of Fair Oaks. A battle fought about seven miles east of Richmond, Va., on May .31 and .June 1, 1862, during MeClellan's Peninsular campaign against Richmond, between a part of the Federal .'Vrmy of the Potomac, numbering about 42,000 eflfeetive men ( actually engaged ) , under Oneral McClellan, and an equal Con- federate force (forming part of what was later known as the Army of Northern Virginia), under Generals Joseph E. Johnston and G. W. Smith. It takes its name from a tavern, known as Seven Pines, on the field of battle, and from the Fair Oaks station on the Richmond and York River Railroad. After the engagement at Williams- burg (q.v. ) Johnston slowly withdrew to the SEVEN PINES. ivicinity of Richmond, and McClellan followed with great deliberation. Toward the end of May ilcClellan sent first the Third Corps and then the Fourth Corps of his army, under Keyes and Heintzelman, respectively, the latter being the ranking officer, to the south side of the Chickahominy River, retaining on the north side, for the purpose of cooperating, if necessary, with General JIcDowell's array, then expected as a reinforcement, and of pro- tecting the base of supplies at White House on the Pamunkey, the Second, Fifth, and Sixth Corps under the command, respectively, of Sum- ner, FitzJohn Porter, and Franklin. .Johnston quickly saw the weakness of MeClellan's dis- position of the Federal troops, and decided to at- tack in force the two corps, themselves widely separated, on the south side of the river, hoping to destroy them before reinforcements could ar- rive from Sumner, Porter, or Franklui. The attack was set for the morning of May 31st, and the plan provided for the concentration at Seven Pines, by the Nine Mile, Williamsburg, and Charles City roads, of a force greatly superior to the Federal force at that point, and for the defeat first of Keyes and then of Heintzelman. The po- sitions of the opposing forces on the morning of the 31st are shown in the accompanying map: BETEN PINES. On the afternoon and night of May 30th a rain- storm of unusual violence occurred, and the Chickahominy became so swollen as to render ex- tremely difficult the crossing of Federal rein- forcements from the corps north of the river to those south of it. Owing to a misunderstand- ing of .Johnston's orders by Longstreet. who was charged with opening the battle, the attack was not delivered until after 1 P. M.. but before dark Keyes. though reinforced by Kearny's division of Heintzelman's corps, had been driven back to a point about one mile and a half east of Seven Pines. Part of Keyes's troops, however, imdcr Couch, were driven to Fair Oaks, whence they fell