Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/158

* SHEIKE. 124 SHUBRICK. or 'great northern' shrike of North America (Laiiiua borealis), familiar in the Northern United States in winter, and breeding nortlnvard in a rude nest phiced in a tree, is closely similar; while the 'loggerhead' shrike of the Southern States (Laniiis Luduviciuints) has much the same colors, but is smaller. The large, bald, and strikingly colored 'piping crows' (q.v.) represent an Australian group called Gymnorhin;^. Those of the subfamily iIalaconotina> are small, brilliantly dressed^ for- est-dwelling birds of Africa and India, some of which are notable singers. A third group (Pachy- cephalinoe) includes a series of small tree-dwell- ing, usually yellow, birds of the Malayan Archi- pelago and Australia, with the habits of fly- catchers. Better known are the East Indian 'wood-shrikes' of the subfamily Prionopinae. of which the graceful and familiar Australian mag- pie-lark and the i|ueor helmet-bird of Mada- gascar are also members. Consult: Newton. Dictionary of Birds (New York, 1896) ; Evans. Birds (London, 1900) ; and the authorities therein cited. SHRIMP (assibilated form of scrimp, small; connected with iIHG. scliiiitipfen, Ger. sckrump- fen, AS. scriniman, to shrink, shrivel, scrincan, OHG. scrcnchan, Ger. schriinlcen, Eng. shrink). A genus (Crangon) of macnirous decapod crus- taceans of the family Carididfe, closely allied to crayfish and prawns. The form is elongated, tapering, and arched as if hunch-backed. The claws are not large, the fixed finger merely a small tooth, the movable finger hook-shaped. The beak is very short, affording a ready dis- tinction from prawns. The whole structure is very delicate, almost translucent; and the colors are such that the creature may readily escape observation, whether resting on a sandy bottom or swimming. Their quick darting movements, however, betray them to any one who looks at- tentively into a pool left by the retiring tide on a sandy shore. When alarmed, they burj- them- selves in the sand, by a peculiar movement of the fanlike tail fin. The common shrimp (Cran- gon vulgaris) is very abundant in the North Atlantic Ocean on the shores both of America and of Europe, wherever the bottom is sandy. It is about two inches long, of a greenish-gray color, dotted with brown. It is in great esteem in Europe as an article of food, and is taken by nets. The shrimp industry of the Southern At- lantic Coast of the United States amounts to more than $500,000 annually, while that of San Francisco Bay alone is worth half as much. The latter industry consists wholly in the capture, drying, and export to China of Crangon francis- corum. SHROP'SHIRE, or Salop. A western border county of England, bounded on the west by North Wales, and on the east by the counties of StatTord and Worcester (Map: England. D 4). Area. 1346 square miles. Population, in 1891. 236.827: in 1901, 239,297. The Severn, the principal river, pursuing a sovitheast course of 70 miles across the county, is navigable throughout, and is joined by two considerable tributaries, the Tern and Teme. To the north and northeast of the Severn the county is generally level, and is un- der tillage ; to the south and southwest it is hilly and mountainous, in the Clee hills rising to an altitude of 1800 feet, and here cattle- breeding is extensively carried on. A breed of horned sheep is peculiar to tiiis county. Shrop- shire is remarkable for its mineral wealth. Coal, iron, copper, and lead fields at Coalbrookdale, Snedshill, Ketly, etc., are extensively worked and there are important iron industries. Capital, Shrewsbury. SHROVETIDE (from AS. serif an, to shrive, prescribed penance, from Lat. scrihere, to -write -(- iid, OllG. zit, Ger. Zeit, time; connected with Skt. a-diti, boundless, and ultimately with Eng. time). The name given to the days immediately jireceding Ash 'ednesday, which were anciently days of preparation for the penitential time of Lent; the chief part of the preparation consisted in receiving the sacrament of penance, i.e. in 'be- ing shriven,' or confessing. In the modern disci- pline of the Roman Catholic Church a trace of this is still preserved, as, in many countries, the time allowed for the annual confession, which precedes the paschal or Easter communion, com- mences from Shrovetide. In England the pastimes of football, cock-fighting, bull-baiting, and so on. were, down to a late period, recog- nized usages of Shrovetide; and the festive ban- quets of the da.y are still represented by the pan- cakes and fritters from which Pancake Tuesday took its name. See Carnival; Collop Monday. SHRUBS ( variant of scrub, from AS. scrob, stinibj. Plants which dift'er from herbs in pos- sessing nuich wood.v tissue, and which differ from trees chiefly in height, but partly also in the development of numerous primary shoots of approximately equal value. The distinction is largely artificial, since many transitions exist between these groups. SHTCHEDRIN, shtched-ren', Mikhail Yev- ORAFovrmi (pseudonym of Count Saltykoff) tlS2(i-S|l). A famous Russian satirical writer, born in the Government of Tver. He studied at the lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo. and obtained a Govern- ment position. In 1847 appeared his first sketch. Contradictions, followed in 1848 by A Compli- cated Affair. For these he was exiled to Vyatka, where he was the chief assistant to succes- sive Governors, until permitted to return to the capital, upon the accession of Alexander II. In 1858-60 he was acting Governor at various places; he resigned from the service in 1862 and later joined the editorial staiT of The Contem. porary. Pecuniary straits compelled him to re- enter the service in 1864-68. after which he be- came co-editor of The Annals of the Fatherland with Nekrasoff (q.v.). and on the latter's death in January, 1878, editor-in-chief. Just before his death he wrote the famous Forgotten Words — his last message to the dormant conscience of the Russian intelligence. Shtchedrin lashed bu- reaucratic rottenness as well as the idle talk of would-be reformers. His characteristics were brought into still greater relief by his pathetic and loving tivatment of the common people. In his Trifles of Life and hta Tales (1887) he reached a larger conception of life than in his previous writings. His best work is Messrs. Golorhjoff, which can be enjoyed as a work of art pure and simple. Consult Pvpin, M. Y. Saltykoff (Saint Petersburg. 1899)," SHU'BRICK, William Branford (1790- 1874). An American naval commander, born on Bull's Island, S. C. In the War of 1812 he