Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/146

* SHOKE. 114 SHORTHAND. Poems (1871); and Elegies and Memorials (1890). The last collection contains from Louisa beautiful elegies on Margaret Emily and on a brother lost at sea. Louisa published independ- ently Uaiiiiibal, a poem in two parts (1861). She warnily championed the cause of women. Con- sult Posthiiinous Poems, with an introduction by Frederic Harrison (London, 1896), ami the de- lightful Journal of Emily Shore (ib., 1891). SHORE-BIRDS, or Beach-Birds. A sports- men's term for those birds which run along the beaches of the sea or inland bodies of water, and pick up their food from the edge of the waves. All are of the order Limicolce (q.v. ), and (so far as they interest sportsmen) consist mainly of sandpipers, curlews, stilts, plovers, and their nearer allies. They are shot mainly by hiding in 'blinds' at favorable places, and setting out decoys to attract the migrating flocks. Consult, in addition to general ornithologies, any of many special works by both ornithologists and sports- men, as Elliot, North American flhore-Birds (New York, 1898); and Seebohm, (ieogrnphical Distribution of the Famihj Charadriidce (London, 1887), in which are described and largely figured all the shore-birds of the world, SHORE'DITCH. A borough of London, England, immediately north of the city nucleus. Within its limits is the immense freight depot of the Great Eastern Railway. The two theatres in London during Shakespeare's time were in Sliore- ditch. The name is probably derived from Sir John Soersditch, who had his residence here in the reign of Edward III.; the tradition is baseless that the name is derived from Jane Shore, mis- tress of Edward IV., who is said to have died here in a ditch. SHORE-LARK, or Horxed Lark. The only true lark {Olocoris aljwstris), that is, a lark of the family Alaudida-, indigenous to North America. It ranges in its migrations over the entire continent, breeding in Canada, Alaska, and the elevated plateau regions of the West, and appearing along the coasts, about the Great Lakes, and soutliward in open districts in win- ter. It is a small, handsome, and highly vari- able bird, the characteristic feature of which is an erectile, narrow, horn-like tuft of length- ened black feathers on each side of the crown. The plumage of the adult consists of mingled brown and vinaeeous tints above, with the lower parts mainly white, and bold black markings on the head and chest. ( See Plate of Larks and Starlings.) Those living on the Western plains, where they are numerous and sociable, are far paler than the Northern and Eastern residents. All make their nests on the ground, and lay brown-speckled eggs. These larks have a bril- liant song, which is often heard while they flut- ter high in the air like skylarks. Consult Ameri- can ornithologies, especially: Coues, Birds of the Northwest (Washington, 1874) ; Keyser, Birds of the liockies (Chicago, 1902). SHO'REY, Paul (18.57—). An American classicist, born at Davenport, Iowa, He was educated at Harvard and at the University of Munich. From 188.5 to 1892 he was professor at Bryn Mawr College, and in the latter year be- came the head of the department of Greek in the University of Chicago. In 1901-02 he was professor in the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Professor Shorcy's studies arc chiefly in the field of ancient philosophy, particularly Platonism. His puhlislied works include: De Platonis Ideariim Doetrina (1884); The Idea of God in Plato's llcinMic (1895); and an edition of the Odes of Horace (1898). SHORT. A term used to denote brokers, deak'rs, and speculators in stocks, certificates of indebtedness, or any commodity, who agree to sell or contract to deliver shares, etc., which at the time they do not own, and who to do so are forced to borrow the same for a consideration, and eventually to "cover' by actual purchase or by an equitable settlement with the buyer. If the market value of the stock or commodity falls the short profits by purcliasing the same at a lower price, thus making the ditfcrence, whereas on a rising market he will lose, as he is forced to pay more for the stock or commodity than he received in the original sale. See Stock Exchange; Cor- ner; Margin; Deals. SHORT, William (17.59-1849). An American dijilomatist, born at Spring Garden, SiU'ry Coun- ty, Va. In 17S4 lie went to France as Secretary of Legation under .Jefferson. In 1790 he was appointed a commissioner to negotiate European loans for refunding the national debt. He was commissioned Minister Resident at The Hague in 1792, and later in the same year he and William Carmichael were appointed commissioners pleni- potentiary to treat with Spain concerning the navigation of the Jlississippi, boundaries, and connnerce. Sliort's commission was changed in 1794 to Minister Resident at Madrid, where he remained until 1796. He did not return to America until 1802. His long residence abroad and liis intimate relations with the French nobil- ity combined to make him extremely unpopular at home. In 1808 .Jeft'erson nominated him as the first United States Minister at Saint Petersburg, but the Senate refused to confirm the noniination, and in August, ISIO, he returned to the LTnited States. Thereafter he lived at Philadelphia. SHORT'ER, Clement King (1858—). A London iournalist and critic, editor of the Illus- trated London News (1891-99). the Sketch (1893- 99), and the Enr/lish Illustrated Magazine (1894- 99). In 1900 he started the Sphere, an illus- trated literary weekly. Beyond his profession he is best known for his Bronte studies, comprising Charlotte Bronti: and Her Circle (1896) and a new edition of Mrs. Elizabeth Gaskell's Charlotte Bronte (1900). Other books are: Sixt;/ Years of ^'ictorian Literature (1897): The Saniti/ of Couper and Other Essa;is (1900) : and selections from Wordsworth (1894) and the entire Waver- ley Novels (1898). SHORTHAND. A common English word used for all kinds of aVibrcviated writing other than abbreviated longhand. It is not generally applied to the ancient hieroglyphics, though these are a kind of short writing, in which a single character is often made to represent a whole idea. The name 'stenograph^'' is also given to short- hand, and this is commonly used as synonymous with it. It was so used by .Tolin Willis in his treatise entitled The Art of Stenofirupln/. pub- lished in 1602. The word 'phonography' should be applied only to those systems of shorthand that are based strictly upon the phonetic principle, such as the Pitmanic system. Various other