Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/145

* SHOGUN. 113 SHORE. nearly 700 years, the ollice was abolislied in 18(j8. For some years after 1853 the bliogun was known to foreigners as the Tycoon. SHOL APXJR, shola-piSJr'. The capital of the District of JSholapur, in the Province of Bom- bay, India, GO miles north by east of Bijapur ( Map : India, Co). The ruins of the old fort, dating from 1345, a high school, two parks, and ii large bazaar are noteworthy. The Ekriikh res- ervoir and irrigation plant is three miles to the north of the city. The city is an important dis- tributing point for the agricultural products of the region, and manufactures cotton goods, blank- ets, silks, etc. Population, in 1901, 75.288. In 1818 Sholapur was the scene of the decisive vic- torj- of the British forces under iluuro over the forces of Baji Rao. SHOOTING (from slwol. AS. sceotan, OHG. sciozan, Ger. schic^scii. to shoot; ultimately con- nected with Skt. skand. to leap, Lat. scandere, to climb). Proficiency and accuracy in shooting is the object of many associations and competitions w'ith the military rifle, the shotgun, revolvers, and pistols. MiLiTABY Rifle Coxtest.s. In 1868 Captain Wingate, of the Twenty-second Regiment, New York National Guard, issued a manual. I)ased on the Knglisli 'Hythe' system. It was adopted in many States, and led to the formation of 'The National Rifle Association of America.' The Legislature of the State of New York authorized the purchase of a site for a rifle range at Creed- moor, and in June. 1873. the first annual compe- tition was held. In the following year the Irish team which had won the 'Echo Shield' in the great English rifle contests at Wimbledon chal- lenged all America to a competition. This was accepted by the 'Amateur Rifle Club.' The Irish t^am was beaten on the last shot by a bull's-eye. The distances were 800, !)00. and' 1.000 yards. The following year the American team went to Ireland, but were beaten by 907 to 920. In 1876 an American team successfully defended the 'Palma trophy' against teams from Ireland, Scotland. Australia, and Canada. In 1877 an- other British team was Ijeaten at Creedmoor bv 3334 to 3242. In 1880 an American team went to Ireland and won by 1292 to 1280. After that there were no further international contests until the year 1901, when a Canadian team won by 1522 to 1491. In 1902 a British team won it at Ottawa, by 1447 to 1373, and took it to Eng- land. In the competition of 1903 held at Bisley, England, the American team was the victor, de- feating the English team by 15 points, the score being: America, 1570; Great Britain, 1555. Competitions of skill in pistol and revolver shooting are more common in America than else- where. There is a United States National Revol- ver Association and an annual championship tournament at Sea Girt. It comprises the mili- tary revolver, twenty-five shots at 25, 50, and 75 yards; ordinary pistol, fifty shots at 50 yards; revolver team shooting, five men to a team, each to shoot ten shots at 25. 50, and 75 yards. SHOOTING STABS. See Aerolite; Me- teors. SHORE (probably connected with AS. sceran, srirnn. srrornn. to cut ofT, Eng. shear, shire). The margin between the land area of the earth and the water area. The outline and general charac- ter of continental shores are modified chiefly in two ways: (1) By the erosive and transporting action of the sea. wliose waves, currents, and tides are constantly at work removing the rock materials in one place and depositing them in another. In this way the .seaward edges of strata are cut back to form dill's, sometimes producing an irregular shore line, with headlands and deep reentrants ; the land waste brought down by rivers is distributed over the ocean floor, and beaches and sand reefs are built up. (2) By secular movements of the earth's crust through which the level of the land, with re- spect to the sea, is changed. Coastal lanils, which have thus been ujiraised from the sea floor, are generally formed of soft strata, but, owing to their low position, they resist erosion to a marked degree. Jloreover, as the waters deepen very gradually off-shore, the waves beat up the sands from the bottom, forming long reefs and the sediments transported by rivers ac- cumulate as deltas, so that such shores have ad- ditional protection from the wasting action of the sea. The coastal plain of Texas aft'ords an example of a shore line of this character. Throughout most of its length it is low, monot- onously level, and fringed by sand reefs, which are so little interrupted that to give access to deep-sea vessels Galveston has been built on an outer reef. The peculiar shore line of North Carolina, which is indented by shallow sounds and bordered by reefs, has been formed by the gradual depression of an uplifted and dissected sea bottom. Coastal lands that have been sub- jected to marked depression are usually charac- terized by an irregular shore line with rocky headlands, numerous harbors, and outlying islands, thus contrasting strongly with the shores of uplifted regions. This follows from the fact that the surface of such lands is diversified through the constantly active process of erosion, while the ocean floor is comparatively smooth and un- broken. The western coast of Norway owes its irregular outline to the depression of a moun- tainous land surface by which the valleys have been submerged by the sea forming long, deep reentrants, called fiords (q.v.). The coasts of Great Britain. Maine, and Southern Chile also ex- hibit these characteristics. See Delta; Be.ohes, etc. SHORE, .Une (1445-1.527). Mistress of Edward IV. of England. She was born in Lon- don and was married to a goldsmith named Wil- liam Shore. She met King Edward about 1470. After Edward's death she was accused of witch- craft by the Duke of Gloucester, afterwards King Richard III., and, suspected of favoring the cause of the young princes, was committed to the Tower. Her property was confiscated, and she was sentenced by the Bishop of London to do penance for her crimes. She lived until the ac- cession of Henry VIII., and died in penury and obscurity. Her life was the subject of many con- temporary and subsequent poems and a tragedy by Rowe. SHORE, Louisa Catherine (1824-95). An English poetess. An elder sister, Margaret Emily (1819-39), early cut off by consumption, showed much literary talent. With a second sister, Ara- bella, Louisa published several volumes of poems: War Lyrics (1855); Gemma of the Isles, a Lyrical Poem (1859); Pra Dolcino and Other