Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/142

* SHOA. 110 SHOES. Addis Abeba, the capital of Abyssinia, and the town of Ankobar. Before the unification of Abyssinia under Menelelc in 18S9, Slioa was a separate t;ingdom. See Abyssinia. SHOALS, sliolz. Isles of. See Isles of Shoals. SHOCK (MDutch schock, Dutcli sclwk, OHG. scoc, sliock, jolt; connected with AS. scacaii, sceacan, Eng. shake). A sudden depi-ession of the vital powers due to injury or profound men- tal emotions. Through this depression of the nerve centres a circulatory paresis is induced, which results in the accumulation of the blood in the large abdominal vessels, with a correspond- ing loss to the cerebral and peripheral circula- tion. This is shown by the lowering of the sur- face temperature, and disturbance of voluntary cerebration. Shock may be slight and transient or severe and prolonged, or it may be almost in- stantly fatal. Surgical shock results from acci- dental injuries such as extensive burns, gunshot wounds, crushing of the limbs, IjIows or pene- trating wound of the abdomen, injuries to the base of the skull, with concussion of the brain. It is apt to follow extensive operations, especially those upon the abdominal viscera. Sudden and profuse hemorrhage, and occasionally anesthet- ics, cause shock. Mental sliock is induced by sud- den grief, fright, or other powerful mental im- pressions. The condition of shock is denoted by a subnormal temperature, a rapid and feeble pulse, pinched features, a skin cold, pallid, and clanimj', or covered with profuse perspiration, shallow and irregular respiration, diminution or loss of sensibility to pain, and a tendency to uri- nary suppression. The patient is usually con- scious, replying to questions, but has no volition either of movement or speech. Delirium is some- times present, and, in children, convulsions. Shock is increased by cold, loss of blood, and age. Recovery is followed by a period of reaction, which often lasts for several hours. This may be preceded by vomiting. Beginning reaction is indicated by returning color, increased tempera- ture, and improvement in the pulse, respiration, and inclination to voluntary movement. De- ferred shock is a curious condition in which the symptoms do not develop until some time after the occurrence of a violent mental impression. This variety nuiy be more severe than that pro- duced by liodily injury. The treatment of collapse is as follows: The patient is placed in a horizontal position with the head slightly lower than the rest of the body, and the feet raised. Surface temperature is maintained by hot-water bottles and blankets. Hypodermic injections of brandy, ether, strych- nine, atropine, or digitalis are given according to indications. Hot coffee or brandy may be given by the mouth, the stomach retaining these better than anything else. Mustard plasters may be placed over the heart, pit of the stomach, or spine, or a stimulating enema containing turpen- tine may be given. One of the most useful and frequently employed uieasures in shock is the in- jection either through the veins, rectum, or con- nective tissues of hot. normal saline solution. Enormous quantities of fluid may thus be taken into the circulation, with remarkably quick and certain results. In severe cases bandaging the limbs in order to increase the blood sujiply of the brain and vital centres is a resort. Opera- tion should never be done during shock except w hen imperatively necessary to save life. SHODDY (probably a variant of dialectic shoile, shedding, separation, from AS. scrad. separation, from s<-t"fa/((«, tioth, skaidan, OHG. sceidaii. Ger. schciden, to separate; connected with Lith. sk&hn, 1 separate, Lat. scindere, Gk. o-xI$«>', schizein, Skt. chid, to split). A term formerly meatiing only the waste arising from the manufacture of wool : it now has a wider and much more important signification, and is al- most whollj- understood to mean the wool of woven fabrics reduced to the state in which it was before being sjjun and woven, and thus ren- dered available for remanufacture. Woolen rags, no matter how" old and worn, are now a valuable commodity to the manufacturer; they are sorted into two special kinds, the rags of worsted goods and the rags of woolen goods, the former being made of comhing or long-staple wools, and the latter of carding or short-staple wools. The for- mer are those properly known as shoddy-rags. and the latter are called miingo. Both are treated in the same way; they are put into a machine called a wiUtf, in which a cylinder covered with sharp hooks is revolving, and the rags are so torn liy the hooks that in a short time all traces of spinning and weaving are re- moved, and the material is again reduced to wool capable of being reworked. It is used as a uieans of adulteration and clieapening woolen cloths, and in making a class of light cloths adapted to mild climates and other purposes. SHOEBILL, or Vh.lehe.a.d. A large re- markalilo, Iicron-like, grayish bird {BaUeniceps rex) from the White Xile in Eastern Africa. It is made the type of a special family, the Balipni- cepitidoe, but is closely allied to the umbi'ette (q.v. ). The most peculiar external feature is the huge blotched yellow bill, longer than the head and shaped like a great shoe. These birds feed on fish and snakes, but also eat the viscera of dead mammals, ripping open the car- cass with the stout hook on the end of the upper mandible. Consult Xewton. Dictionarg of Birds (London, 189.3-96), and authorities there cited. SHOE BLACKING. See Blacking. SHOES (AS. .5CI-0, Goth, skohs. OHG. saioh. Ger. ^chiih. shoe) AND SHOE MANUFAC- TURE. The shoe in its simplest form was un- doubtedly a sandal or sole with straps attaclied to it by means of which it might be fastened on to the foot. Such a shoe was designed simply to protect the bottom of the foot from the rough surface of the ground and from the extremes of temperature. Another primitive form of shoe is the Indian moccasin. It differs from the sandal in that it extends over the top of the foot. but. unlike the shoe, the sole and main part of the upper are in one piece. The moccasin is made of buckskin, is soft, flexible, and durable; in fact, one of the best coverings that could be made for the foot. The peasants of several European nations wear a wooden shoe called a sahot. which is shaped out of a single piece of wood. The primitive foot- gear of Great Britain and Ireland resembled the brogue still worn by the Irish peasants. The brogue is made of a hoa'y leather, very simply put together, and nuich larger than the foot, the space between foot and shoe being filled with hay.