Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 18.djvu/112

* SHING-KING. 88 SHIN-SHU. the most important, though the smallest, of the throe ])rovinees whieli compose ilanchuria (q.v. ). Area, about GO.OOO square miles. It is roughly triangular in shape, the apex pointing southward and ending in the peninsula of Lao-t'ieh Shan and Port Arthur (q.v.). The northeastern part of the province is occupied by the Shan-a-lin mountain system, whose extensions form the Ts'ien Shan ranges, a long spur of which ex- tends southwest through the peninsula. West of these mountains the country is level; south of them are alluvial tracts of greater or less extent interspersed with hilly ranges of moderate height. The western portion is drained by the Liao, and the eastern by the Ta-yang, which enters the Yellow Sea at Ta-ku-shan (latitude 39° .55' N.. longitude 123° 52' E.), and partly by the Ya-lu-kiang. The soil is fertile, producing abundant crops of wheat, barley, millet, maize, pulse, potatoes, cotton, hemp, indigo, tobacco, opium, sesannim and other oil-producing plants, etc. Cattle-rais- ing is an extensive industry, and much wild silk is produced. Gold is found, coal and iron occur in many places and are worked, and there are large areas of valuable peat. Two rail- ways — the Chinese from Peking via Shan-hai- kwan and the Russian from Port Arthur north- ward to Harbin — traverse the province, but com- munication is chiefly by roads. The chief ports are Ying-tse (commonly spoken of in connection with Niu-chwang), Port Arthur (q.v.), Ta-lien- wan (q.v.). Pi-tse-we, and Ta-ku-shan. all domi- nated by Russia, according to the treaty agree- ment with China, dated March 27, 1898. The population is estimated at 12,000,000, al- most exclusively Chinese. For centuries Shing-king was held by the Chinese, who made Shin-yang (Mukden) the capital. In 1894-95 the southern part from the Yalu to the Liao was captured by the Japanese, but was later relinquished under pressure from Russia, C4ermany. and France. Since 1898. when Russia leased the southern portion of the penin- sula and secured a neutral zone reaching to the middle of the Ta-Yang River and including the village of Ta-ku-shan. Russian influence has pre- vailed to the practical exclusion of all other nations. See Hosie. Manclnirirt, Its People, Re- sources, and Recent History (London, 1901). SHIN'-GON' (Jap., True Word). A Japanese sect of Buddhists. It was founded in the begin- ning of the ninth century A.D. by Kobo Daishl. Dissatisfied with Buddhism as taught in Japan, he visited China in 802-804, and returning formed his sect. Its doctrine bears little resemblance to the teachings of the historic Gautama, and he is held in relatively light esteem. The worship centres in Vairoeana, a qu.asi-divine being, who is a greater Buddha : he is truth iind his emblem is the sun. He is represented as surrounded by four planets. Gautama being one of them, and these again by smaller satellites, and these again by others forming a complete system. This represents the unchanging uni- verse of pure ideas, the 'diamond world,' the true world, only intellectvially conceived. Around Vairoeana is arranged, like the petals of a lotus, also the phenomenal world, so that all things centre in him. There are two ways of approach, by the intellect and by moral- ity. He who attains salvation perceives the com- plete unity of both systems and becomes himself identical with Vairoeana. The sect was eclipsed in popularity by the rise of the Shin-shu (q.v.) and the Nichiren sects, and at present has com- paratively little influence. Consult: Nanjio, 8/ior* Eistory of the Tirelrc Japanese BiKltlhist fleets (Tokio, 1887); Griffis, The Religions of Japan (New York, 1895). SHIN'NECOCK. A remnant tribe of Algon- quian stock (q.v.) residing about the bay of the same name near the southeast end of Long Isl- and, N. Y. At the beginning of this century they numbered only about 150 persons, all more or less of negro admixture, and had entirely lost their language and all other primitive char- acteristics. They are daring seamen and furnish efficient recruits to the United States Life Saving Service, in which several of their most promising young men lost their lives by a storm in 1877. They have no relations with the general Government, but the State of New York supports a school at East Moriches for the benefit of them and the two other Long Island remnants, the Poospatiick or Unquachog and the Montaiik, numbering only a few families each. SHINNECOCK BAY. A bay in Suffolk Covinty. Long Island, N. Y.. near the town of 'Shinnecock Hills (q.v.). Its length is 10 miles, its width from 3 to 4 miles. SHINNECOCK HILLS. A town in Suffolk County, Long Island, N. Y., 85% miles by rail east of Brooklyn. It is named after the Shinne- cock (q.v.) Indians, a few of whom occupy a reservation in the vicinity. SHIN-NTJNG, shen'noong' (Chin., Divine Husbandman), or SuftN-NuNR. The second of the legendary rulers of China known as the Wu Ti or 'Five Emperors.' He .succeeded Fuh-hi (q.v.) in B.C. 2737, and is said to have been the offspring of a certain princess who conceived under the influence of a dragon. He is credited with having introduced plows, discovered the 'Five Grains,' and the medicinal properties of plants, and to have instituted markets for the exchange of commodities. The Temple of Agri- culture at Peking (q.v.) is dedicated to him. He was succeeded by Hwang-ti (q.v.) B.C. 2697. SHIN'RAN SHO'NTlSr (1173-1262). A Japanese Buddhist theologian and the founder of the Shin-Shu (q.v.), which he established when expelled from his monastery. He was of noble birth, of the gi-eat Fujiwara clan, and was educated in the mona-stery of the .Jodo sect of Buddhists on Hiyei San, near Kioto. SHIN'-SHU' (Jap., True Sect, full name Jodo Shin-Shu, True Sect of the Pure Land). A .Japanese Buddhist sect. As its title indicates, it is a branch of the -Jodo (Pure Land) .sect. Like the other Buddhist bodies in Japan, the .Todo derived its teaching from China. It be- lieves in Amida (Skt.. Amitabha) only, the Buddha of boundless liglit, life, and mercy, one of the many beings worsliiped in the Great Vehicle. Raising himself to Buddhahood, he vowed to create a 'Pure Land,' to be glorified forever as Buddha of Boundless Light, to save all who should put their faith in his vows. Hence the object of faith is not the historic Buddha, but the 'vow' of Amitabha. Salvation being solely by faith in the 'vow.' the believer needs neither knowledge nor works. Rites and cere-