Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/867

* SENTENCE. 789 SEOUL. SENTENCE (in law). In its l)ioado*t Io;;al seusL', a jiidgiiunt or ducroe of a court or jiul;;!': spocilieally and teohnioally, a decision in a crimi- nal casp, whifli is called /I'/iii/ when it dfU'rniiiirs the entire case, and iitlcrlovulur;/ when it de- termines only .some point incidental to the pro-j- ress of the case. When a sentence is finally rendered according to law the power of the court to punish the prisoner is at an end. but the sentence in many cases may be in the alternative, as where the prisoner is sentenced to ])ay a fine or in default of that to be imprisoned for a certain period. When the sentence by its terms imposes a greater penalty than the law allows, that part of it which is within the law will stan<l as a valid sentence: and. if it be void for such excess or for other formal defect, the court may resentence tlu' crimi- nal because the previous judgment was not a valid one, and therefore in law did not constitute a sentence. In this respect the sentence is nota- bly distinct from the verdict, a defect in wdiich cannot be remedied liy again subjecting the pris- oner to trial. See Jeoparuy. When the sentence is for imprisonment for two or more successive terms, or to the payment of a fine and to imprisonment for conviction of more than one crime, as where the indictment contains counts, or specifieations, charging the commission of separate though connected crimes, and the sentence is made up by adding together the legal penalties for the several crimes com- mitted, it is called an accvmulative, or, more commonly, cumulative sentence. Where the same offense involves a double penalty, as both fine and imprisonment, and both are imposed, the sentence is not therefore cumulative. The iiHlctcniiiiKilr sentence has arisen from the endeavor to shape the law so as to funiish an incentive to convicted criminals to reform. It has been defined as a sentence which is '"im- posed by the court without fixing a definite period of limitation or term of imprisonment, but which simply directs that the convict be imprisoned or placed in the custody of the prison authorities to be held for not less than the mininmm nor longer than the maximum fixed by law for the of- fense for which the prisoner stands convicted." Provisions have been made by statute in many of the States for the imposition of such sentences, and they have been found to work well in prac- tice, although the merits of the indeterminate sentence are not fully conceded by all. Such sen- tences, as above defined, have been upheld as con- stitutional in some States, as Ohio. Illinois, In- diana, and Massachusetts, but were held uncon- stitutional in the State of ilichigan. See for further information, such titles as .TiRY ; Punishment ; and consult the report of J. Franklin Fort to the American Bar Association (isns). SENTIMENT (ilL. senfimentum. from Lat. seniire, to perceive). In psychologj', a term sometimes given as a sub-heading under emo- tion (q.v.) and sometimes set off as a distinctive mental complex. There is a substantial agree- ment among psychologists that sentiment is closely related to emotion, that it is. however. less abrupt, and contains, at least usually, a larger intellectual element. The chief classes or groups of sentiment are logical, social, moral, religious, and lesthetie. (1) Logical sentiments are the feelings which come from intellectual processes as such: judg- ment, thought, reasoning, argument. (2) The so. cial sentiments are those that are aroused di- rectly by the interaction of individuals in a cunnnunity. They include pride, innoi'cnee, van- ity, Inist, security, forgiveness, compassion, etc. {'i) The moral or etiiical sentiments attach Ihemselves to the ideas of right and duly, of moral approbation and ilisapprobalion. and of conscienei'. They are closely allied to sm f the social sentiments. (4) The religious sentiments combine in various ways sentiments from all the other classes. They include awe, humility, rev- erence, faith, sinfulness, exaltation, and repent- ance. (5) The a'sthetic sentiments centre about judgments .if lieauty and uyline-s. Consult the aulliorities nieiitiniicd under I'.motion. SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY, A. A series of sketches by St<Miie (ITiiSi. The work is based upon some of Sterne's experiences in Southeni Frani'c, where he spent a year, owing to failiii}? health. Sentimentalism is the theme of the sketches, which are also characterized by their admirable depiction of every-day life. SENTINEL (OF., Fr. senliiicilc. .sentinel, watch, little |iath, diminutive of OF. sente, path), Sem'KY. a soldier posted in some responsible ])Ositi(m to guard or protect the place, persons, or ]iroperty. The iluty of a sentinel is one of the most important responsil)ilities of military life. In time of peace, the faithful carrying out of sentinel duty is an effective aid to the mainten- ance of good order and military discipline; while, in active .service, the safety and security of the camp or post, and frequently the lives of com- rades, will depend on his vigilance. In the United States Army, post and camp guards are relieved every twenty-four hour-, and. except iu emergencies, privates are not detailed for guard duty more than once in five days. During their tour of <luty, each sentinel is subject to the orders of the commanding olllcer, the olliei'r of the day, and the officers and non-conunissioned ollicers of the guard onl.y, and all persons, of whatever rank, are required to observe respect toward him. He must not permit more than one of any party to approach him for the purpose of giving the countersign. The punislunent for any dereliction of sentry dtity is very severe, and in actual war may involve the death penalty. Sec GUABO. SENUSSI, sc-noo's?, Mohammed ibn .Vli e.s- Sexi.ssi. A N'orth-African Moslem, who, under the inlluencc of Wahabism (See Wahadis), founded at Mecca in 1S:!7 a brotherhood for the purification and propagation of Islam. The founder dieil in IS.'jf. and his son established a Church-State at .lerabub, in the Sahara, between Egj'pt and Tripoli. He gave himself out as the Malidi (q.v,). and undertook by the ecdiectiiui of arms to prepare for a jiht'id or holy war. The Brotherhood of es-Senussi is a puritanic order of the dervish type, secret in its organization. It has some 120 centres in North .frica and .rabia. in- cluding a strong one at Mecca, where many pil- grims from all parts of the world are initiated. The Senussi movement has resulted in the rapid spread of Mohammedanism among the Smlanese tribes, and has not failed to take on a political aspect. Consult: Dupont and Cappolani. /><'s cmi- fr^rics relifjiruscs niusulm<inr.i (.-lgiers, 1S87). SEOUL, s.i-ool'. or Son., more properly Han- YAXO. The capital of Korea, about 3 miles from