Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/863

* SENILITY. 785 SENNA. cause of death iu old age, and cerebral softeuing is not uueoniiiioiily produced by the lesions of chronic endarteritis. The precautions to be taken against the rapid advance of age include avoidance of alcohol dur- ing one's whole life; moderate eating, especially after the age of forty ; moderate exercise after the .age of sixty is reached, or after senescence has begun to manifest itself; avoidance of strain, physical or mental; avoidance of worry, anger, and grief; |)roper elotliing for all seasons and conditions, and other avoidance of exposure; to- getlier with out-of-door air. Senility is a race character. The lower or backward races mature at the age of eighteen to twenty-two, while the white race docs not stop growing until the age of thirty. Some of the races which have rapidly faded away in contiU't with civilization had probably already entered into a senescent state. Woman outlives man. At the age of eighty, three women are living to one man, although they mature earlier than men. See LoNfiEViTY. SE'NIOR, N.ss.u Yii,Li.M (1790-1804). An English economist, born in Berkshire. He was educated at Eton and Magdalen College. Oxford, where he graduated in 1811, taking a distin- guished first-class in classics. In 1819 he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn. In 1825 he was elected to tlie Drummond professorship of political economy at Oxford. He held it for the statutory term of five years. In 1832 tha enor- mous evils of the poor-law administration in F,ngland led to the appointment of a commission of inquiry. Senior was one of the commission- ers, and the portion of the report in which the abuses of the existing system were detailed was drawn up by him. This report encouraged the Whig Government to bring in the Poor-Law Amendment Act of 18.34. In 1836 he received the appointment of master in clianccry, and in 1847 was reelected to his former professor- ship for another term of five years. He served on numerous important commissions in his later years. His "Outline of Political Economy" was originally published in the Eiicyclopo'clia Metro- politana (1850). In this work and in various essays he developed the economic doctrines laid down by Ricardo and the free-trade school with much felicity of expression, which entitles him to rank as the foremost economist between Ri- cardo and Mill. Senior was the first writer to demonstrate clearly the subjective ground of in- terest pa.-nnent ('abstinence' in Senior's lan- guage). His analysis of monopoly is the most important contribution of the classical school to the theory of that subject. SENKOVSKI, sen-kof'ske. Ossip IvANOViTcn (■lSOO-58). A Russian Orientalist and historian, born near Vilna, and educated in that city. He was professor of Oriental languages in the Uni- versity of Saint Peter.sburg from 1822 to 1847, foimded in 1834 a periodical called The Reader's Librarif, and in it, and in the Son of the Father- Innd. published several novels under the pseudo- nym Baron Brambicus. He translated ilorier's Eajji Baha (2d ed. 1845), and wrote Collectanea, a series of selections from Turkish authors on the history of Poland (1824-25), and Siipple- tvent n I'hisioire des Hunx. des Titrcs et des Monaots (1S24). SENLAC, Battle of. See Hastings. SENLIS, sii.s'l^s'. The capital of an arron- dissement in the De|)artnient of Oi.sc, France, 33 miles north by east of Paris, on the Nonotte River (.Map: Eriince, .12). Its walls, erected in the tiallo'Roman [leriod, arc still in good condi- tion, and there are also in the vicinity the ruins of an old Ronuin amphitheatre. The Ciothic Cathedral of Notre Dame dates from the twelfth century. The twelfth-century Church of Saint l-'rambourg, the sixteenth century Church of Saint Pierre, and the College of .Saint incent, with its twelftheeiitury abbey church, the town hall, and the archa'ohigical museum are also note- worthy. A treaty was concluded here in 1493 between Maximilian and Charles VIII. of France, by which the former recovered Artois and Franche-Couile. Population, in 1901,7115. SENN, XiCHOLAS (1844—). An .American surgeon, professor of the ]>ractice of surgery and of clinical surgery in Rush Medical College", Chi- cago, III. He was born in Uuchs. Switzerland, and came to the United States in 1H53. settling in -Vshford. Wis. After a high scho(d education and some experience in teaching he began to study med- icine, and graduated from the Chicago .^ie^lical College in 18(i8. He also graduated in medicine at Munich in 1878. He served as house physician in the Cook County (III.) Hospital, in l,Sti8-(>9; practiced medicine in Fonddu-Lac, Wis., in 18(i9- 74; in Milwaukee. Wis., in 1874-93; and was professor of the i)rinciples and practice of sur- gery at Chicago College of Physicians and Sur- geons in 1884-87. and since 1888 he has been pro- fessor of the same branch of surgery in Rush Medical College, and since 1893 has practiced in Chicago. He served as surgeon-general of Wis- consin, and as surgeon-general of the Xational Guard of Illinois, as attending surgeon to the Presbyterian and Saint .Joseph's Hospitals in Chi- cago. At the outbreak of the S])anish-.merican War Dr. Senn was ajipointed chief surgeon of the Sixth Army Corps with the rank of lieutenant- colonel of volunteers, and chief of the operating staff in the field. He served till September. 1898. Dr. Senn is a member of many medical asso- ciations in the United States as well as in foreign countries. Among his contributions to litera- ture are: Varicocele (1878): Experimental Siir- ficri/ (1889); Intestinal .S'wri/rn/ (1889); Sur- gical liacteriology (1889) ; Principles of Suriirri/ "(.3d ed. 1901)"; Si/llahiis of Siirfler;/ (1892)"; The I'atholnfjij and Treatment of Tumors ( 18951 ; Medico-Snrfiieal Aspects of the S panish- American War (1900) ; Practical Surgery for the General Practitioner (1901). SENNA (OF. senile, sene, Fr. s6nf, from Ar. Sana, scnnri, from sanaija, to make easy to open). The leallets of C;issia acutifolia from N'nbia and Upper Egypt, and of Cassia august ifolia from Southern Arabia; a brisk cathartic. Cassia actitifolia is a half-shrubby plant, about two feet high, with racemes of yellow (lowers, lanceolate acute leaves, and flat elliptiial pods, somewhat swollen by the seeds. It grows in the deserts near .ssuan. and the leaves are collected by the Arabs and earrii'd by merchants to Cairo for sale. The active principle of senna is a glucoside, cathartic acid. It acts efreetively in about four hours, causing watery nmvements which contain some bile. It increases both the intestinal secre- tions anil peristalsis, and niav cause some grip- ing. Excreted with the milk and other secretions