Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/859

* SENATORIAL COURTESY. 781 SENECA. wliose Senators objoc-t to the person nominated. The result of tliis unwritten rule often makes it necessary for the President to consult lieforc- haud with the Senators from a State in which he is called upon to make an appointment. SENCI, san'se. A warlike trilie of Panoan stock (q.v.), occupjinjj the hill country east of the Ucayali River, aliout Sarayacu, Northeastern I'eru. They are deserilied as among the greatest warriors of the I'cayali region, and hold and gen- erous in disposition. Their weapons are the bow, lance, club, and koiras, a sort of emnbined club and stabl)ing instnimeut. They are agricultural and very industrious. SENDAI, sfn'di'. The capital of the Prefec- ture of Miyagi. .Japan, situated near the east- ern coast of Hondo, 217 miles by rail north of Tokio (Map: .Japan, G 4). It is noted as the former seat of the Daimyo Date ilasamune ( Ii5ti7-103(i) • '^vho sent an end)assy to the Pope and the King of Spain in 1614. His castle, some- what damaged during the revolution of ISCiS, is now used by the garrison. The principal ])roducts are ornamental articles of fossil wood, found in the vicinity, and cloth. Population, in 1898, 8.3,.32.5. SEN'ECA. One of the leading tribes of the Iroquois (q.v.) confedei'acy. The luipular name is foreign to the tribe and of uncertain origin. They call themselves Tshoti-noiultiiniga, abbre- viated Jfoiidoirayn, 'people of the hill,' and were formerly known to the French as Tsoinwnihouan. In the Iroquois councils they were ollicially desig- nated as the 'doorkeepers,' in allusion to their guarding the western 'door' or frontier of the confederacy. The Seneca were the ruling spirits of the Iroquois league in the west, as the Mohawk were in the east, and the wars waged with the Huron, Neutral Nation, Erie, and Illinois, as well as with the southern tribes, were carried on chiefly by tlicm. When first known they occupied that part of western New York between Seneca Lake and the Genesee River, having their coun- cil fire at Xundawao, near the present Naples. After the destruction of the Erie and Neutral Nation about 1650-60, the remnants of these tribes were chiefly incorporated with the Seneca, who soon spread over the conquered territory' westward to Lake Erie and southward along the Allegheny. By these accessions they became the largest and most important tribe of the confed- eracy. They sided with the English in the Revo- ■ lution, for which their villages and fields were wasted by Sullivan in 1779. but did not abandon their country, and are still residing mainly within their original territory in New York State. The estimate of 3250 in 1778 remains practically the same to-day, viz. 2710 upon Cattaraugus, Allegheny, and Tonawanda reservations. New York; .345 (mixed with Cayuga, etc.) attached to Qua paw agency. Indian Territory; and an estimated 200 with the other Iroquois on Grand River reservation, Ontario. See iROQfOl.s. SENECA, AkN-EUS. A Roman rhetorician, born at Corduba (Cordova), in Spain. The time of his birth is doubtful, probably not later than B.C. 54. He seems to have been in Rome during the early period of the power of Augustus. He was rich, belonged to the equestrian order, and enjoyed the friendship of many distinguished Romans. The time of his death is uncertain; but he lived perhaps until a.ii. 39. His extant works are Conliortisiarum Libri A"., a collection of imaginary law cases for practice in discussion, and Siianoritiriim I.ibcr, a collection of 'tbenics,' neither of which is complete. The best cditiomt are those of Kiessling (Leipzig, 1872) and Miiller (Prague, 1887). SENECA, Lrcii's Ann^.us (c.4 b.c.-a.d. 65). .V cclel>raled lioman Stoic philosopher, the son of Anna'Us Seneca, born at Corduba about It.c. 4. Whvn a child he was brought by his father to Rome, where he l)egan the study of eloquence. He cared more, however, for philosophy, in which his first teacher was the Pythagorean Solion, whom he afterwards left to follow .ttalus tlic Stoic. He traveled in Greece and ICgypt. and pleaded in courts of law; but. notwithstanding his forensic triumphs, he left the bar from fear of Caligula's jealousy. He filleil the ollice of quu'slor. and luul already risen high in the favor of the Enqienu- Claudius, when he was accused of an intrigue with .hilia, the daughter of Ger- manicus, and wife of Yinicius. He was exiled to Corsica, where he renuiincd for eight years, de- riving from philosopliy what consolation he could, while incessantly appealing to the Emperor for pardon. When Claudius married .grippina, Sen- eca was recalled by her inlluence. raised to the pnTtorship. and appointed instructor of her son Nero. On the death of his governor and military tutor, Hurrus, Nero gave way to his depraved passions with a force; which Seneca could not control. All his inlluence over his pupil was lost, but he profiteil by his extravagant bounty to such a degree that his accunuilated wealth amounted to 300.000 sestertia, or about twelve million dollars of our money. Seneca, to avert dangerous consequences, olTered to refund to the Euq)eror his gifts, and begged leave to retire on a small allowance. This .Vero declined; and Seneca, under pretense of illness, shut himself up, and refused to appear in public. Nero then attempted to have liim poisoned, but failed. A short time afterwards Antonius Natalis, when on his trial for participation in the conspiracy of Piso, implicated Seneca as one of the con- spirators. He was sentenced to put hims<df to death. His wife, Paulina, declared her resolu- tion to die with him. and. in spite of his n'uion- strances, accompanied liini into the bath in which, according to his own choice, he was to be bled to death. The Emperor, however, would not allow Pailina to die. but removed her from her hus- band, who grailually expired. Seneca's extant writings are mainly on moral subjects, and consist of epistles, and of treatises on Anger. Consolation, Providence. Tranquillity of Mind. Philosophical Constancy. Clemency. The Shortness of Life, A Happy Life. Philosophical Retirement, and Renefits. He also wrote seven books entitled Qiiaslioiir.i yatiirnlcs. Ten trage- dies, ascribed to him by (Juintilian. and generally included in editions of his works, have also come down to us. They were not intended, and are cer- tainlv not adapted, for the stage. They are over- charged with declauuition. anil wanting in dra- matic life. They are of importance in dramatic history on account of the great influence they exerted on Renaissance and French classical drama. Of his genuine prose writings modern opinion takes a divided view, some critics prais- ing his practical sagacity, others finding him