Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/801

* SCULPTURE. in Italy, but by far tlie most important influ- ince has conic from Paris. Howard Kobcrts I 1.S45 — ) was the first to show l'"rcncli inllucnco; (llin I.cvi Warner ( lS44-!Hi). a pupil of the fx-olc (Ics Bciiux-Arts, liail executed stroiij; character- istic busts and portrait statues, as well as work in higher relief, when his life was termi- nated b.v an accident. Augustus Saint Gaudens (1848 — ) has gained remarkable fame from the decorative and illustrative character of his work. Daniel Chester French (IS'jO — ), whose training is chielly American, is a nuister of .senti- iiiciit treated in sculpture with infallible good ta>te and in remarkably pure forms. ilore tlioroughly Parisian is Frederick MacMonnies ( lSti3 — ). a ]nipil of Saint C4audens. who in a nervous, highly modern style has executed a number of statues of good taste and powerful realism. Herbert Adams, although modern and realistic, has found inspiration in the Florentine Eenaissance, with the best products of which his works bear favorable comparison. Besides these artists mention should be made of William Orilway Partridge: Paul Bartlett, the author of the Lafa.vette statue in Paris; Karl Bitter, who has designed much architectural sculpture for great buildings ; Charles H. Nie- haus, a master of modeling; J. Massey Rhind, who had done good decorative work ; A. P. Proc- tor, the sculptor of Indian life; Edward Kemys, who has portrayed in an admirable manner Amer- ican native animals. Among younger sculptors George Grav Barnard has recently attracted at- tention by his difficult and ambitious projects. BiBLiouR.vpiiY. For the liistory of sculpture in general, consult: Liibke, GcschiclUe der Plaslik (3d ed.. 1880; Eng. trans.. London, 1872) ; Viar- dot. Lcs mervciUes de la sculpture (Paris. 1809) ; and JIarquand and Frothingluim's excellent and reliable Trxt-honk of the History of Sculpture (Xew York. li)(11). For Greek and Greeo-Roman sculpture, Bnmn. Gescliichte der gricchischen KiiiisHcr (Stuttgart. 1891). and Overbeck. Oe- schiclite der firiechischen Plastik (Leipzig. 1894). There is no general dictionary of sculptors and sculpture, as there are of painting and architec- ture. The earliest work on Italian sculpture is that of Cicognara (Venice. 1813-18) : the most re- fined and appreciative commentarv is still Burck- hardt's Cicerone (10th ed., Leipzig, 1900). See also Reymond, La sculpture forentine (Florence, 1898-1900): Bode. Italienisehe Rildhnuer der Renaissance (Berlin, 1887). In English the most comprehensive treatment is Perkins, Tuscan Kcnlptors (London, 1864). and Italian Sculptors (ill.. 1808) ; see also his IJistorical Handhook of Italian Sculpture (New York, 1883) ; and the latest works: Freeman, Italian Sculpture of the Renaissance (London, 1901). and Hurl. Tuscan Sculpture (New Y'ork, 1902), the latter popular in character. For France the most extensive work is Gonse, La sculpture franfaisr (Paris, 1895) : see also Lami. Dictionnairc dcs sculptcurs dc Vccole fran^aise (ib., 1898) : Brownell, French Art (New York. 1901 ) : Franziisische Slnilpturen der Keuzeit (139 heliogravures. Berlin. 1890-97) ; Lady Dilke. French Areliitccts and Sculptors of the Eifililccnth Centurii (London. 1900) ; and the general works on the French Renaissance. (See Rexais.sance. ) For the nineteenth century, con- sult especiall.v the monographs in the Gaxctte des Beaux-Arts. German sculpture up to the nineteenth centur,v is best discussed in Bode, 727 SCURVY. Oeschichic dvr deutschrn I'laslilc (Berlin, 188.5) ; for the nioilern period, mi' lleilmeyer (Munich, 1901) ; and for illustrations, Arthur Schuiz (Ber- lin. 1900). Consult also Spielmaiui. Iiriti.-.h Sculpture of To-day (London, 1901); Cadin. Masters of American Sculpture (New York, 1903). SCULPTURE SOCIETY, Natio.nal. A so- ciely loniKd in .New York in 1893 to foster the taste for, and encourage the production of. ideal .sculpture for the househohl and museum; to promote the decoration of public buildings, sciuares, and parks with sculpture of a high class; to improve the (luality of the .sculptor's art as applied to industries; and to provide from lime to time for exhibitions of sculpture and ol)jects of industrial art into which sculpture en- ters. There are two classes of members — sculp- tors and non-sculptors. The number of members in 1903 was al)OUt 80 of the former class, and about 250 of the second. SCUP (contracted from North American In- dian niishcup, from i>ilshe-h-uppe. large-scaled, tliick-scaled), ScippAlo, or PoRUY. A fish iStenotomus chri/sops) of the family Sparid.T (q.v.) resembling the sheepshead (q.v.), very abundant ofT the eastern coast of the I'nited States south of Cape Cod, and highly valued as a tooth.some food-fish. It is brown, ^ >. with bright reflections, and about a foot in length. It approaches the coast to spawn among the eel grass in earlv sunuuer, and feeds mainl.v upon mollusks. sand-worms, and other animal matter. This habit makes it exccedingl.v useful as a scavenger, and it congregates near fertilizer factories and similar places where ofTal is thrown into the sea. It is especially liked in Southern markets, where it is called porgv. as also is a Southern congener (Stcnotomus aculeatus). Compare PoRCY. Consult (loode. Fishery Indus- tries, sec. i. (Washington, 1884). SCURVY (variant of .scurf i/. from scurf. AS. scurf, sccorf. OllG. seorf. Ger. Schurf. scurf, from AS. sccorfan, OHG. scurfan, Ger. schiirfen. to gnaw, scratch), or ScoHHrTr.s. A constitutional disease, characterized bv profound alterations in the blood resulting in hemorrhages beneath the skin, nnicous membranes, and in other parts of the body, .and bv a spongy condition of the gums, an:rmia. and great weakness. It is induced chiefly by the deprivation of fresh vegetable food, and is not contagious. From the earliest times until the beginning of the nineteenth centurv scurvy had been the scourge of sailors. The cause was the exclusive diet then prevalent aboard ship of salt meat and hard bread, with a deficient ajid impure supply of drinking water, upon which