Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/80

* BEST-CURE. 64 RESTRAINT OF TRADE. alcoholism, and some early cases of tuberculosis. Ki'sl-cure is employed in modiiieil form l)y many physicians. Consult Mitchell, Fat and Blood (Phihidelphia, 1877). REST-HARROW. A popular name for sev- eral si)ecies of Euroi)ean herbs and sub-shrubs of the natural order Legiuninosa'. Common rest- harrow {Ononis arvensis) is sometimes abundant in neylccted pastures, but is easily controlled by cultivation. Yellow rest-harrow, or goat's rue (Ononis Xntrix), is sometimes grown for or- nament. RESTIGOTJCHE, res'te-goSsh'. A river in tlic northwestern part of New Brunswick, Canada, forming for about 50 miles the boundary between that province and the Province of (Quebec (Map: Kew lirunswick, B 2 ) . It is 200 miles in length, and falls into Chaleurs Bay in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. For the last 18 miles it is navigable for the largest ships. RESTITUTION (Lat. restitutio, from resti- tuvre, to restore, from re-, back again, anew -(- statuere, to place, from stare, to stand). In law, return to the riglitful owner of jjroperty which has been unlawfully detained. The term is ap- plied alike to eases where the property has mere- ly been converted to the use of some one under a claim of title, and where it has been stolen. In the United States, where there is doubt as to the identity of the propert,y, the issue should be de- cided by a replevin action. ( See Replevin ; Exe- CLTIOX.) The term is also applied to the res- toration of a part of a cargo which has been lost by jettison. See Maritime Law. RESTORATION (Lat. restauratio, from re- sluiirarc, to rcstcjre, from re-, back again, anew -|- *staurus, Gk. aravpds, firmly fixed, stake; con- nected with stare, to stand, Skt. sthavara, fixed, stha, to stand ). A term emplo.yed in the his- tory of England and France in connection with the reestablishnient of monarchial government. In England it is ap])lied to the accession of Charles II. In France the term is applied to the accession of Louis XVIII. in 1814, after the abdication of Napoleon (First Restoration), and after the 'Hundred Days' in 1815 (Second Restor- ation) . RESTORATIONISTS. A sect which, under a new name, lias revived a very ancient doctrine, which has found advocates at all times since the days of Origen ( q.v. ) . One of the most remark- able doctrines of that Father was his belief of a general apokaiastasis, or 'restoration' of all things, in which, after a purgation proportioned to the various moral conditions of their souls at the time of death, all men, however wicked, and all the evil angels, even Lucifer himself, would be restored to the favor of God, and reunited to Him in heaven. This doctrine was condemned at the time, and has since been repeatedly rejected by the churches of the East as well as of the West. The doctrine has lieen renewed in more than one form since the Reformation by various classes, who have taken the name of Univcrsalists (q.v.). The particular title of Restorationists was given in the United States to the followers of the Rev. Hosea Ballou (q.v.), who, in addition to the tenet above explained, held that all retribu- tion is confined to this life, and taught that at the resurrection all men will be admitted to ever- lasting happiness. RESTORATION OF PAINTINGS. To re- store a i>ainting to its original condition is a delicate operation, requiring great knowledge and skill. By the operation of ignorant restorers of. the past many of the most important paintings have been destroyed; indeed, it is a question whether restorers have not indicted more damage than time itself. In former times the process was cliicrty one of repainting and it was then that tile chief damage was done, even though the artist himself was often a man of ability. One of the most difficult tasks of the modern re- storer is to remove these outer coatings of paint. The first step in the process of restoration is to clean the picture — i.e. to remove the coating of dust with which it has become encrusted, or the varnish originally applied, which in the course of time becomes dust color or opaque. The usual process is to dissolve the varnish by means of brandy, weak alcohol, or some similar substance applied with the sponge, oil also being frequently applied to prevent deleterious action upon the colors. In Germany the process invented by the celebrated Bavarian chemist Jlax von Petten- kofer (q.v.) is often applied, which consists in subjecting the painting to cold fumes of alcohol. Unvarnished paintings are in like manner care- fully washed with brandy, vinegar, or some simi- lar substance. The transferring of a painting from a damaged canvas, panel, or wall is efl'ected by gluing it to a paper plaque fastened on gauze. The canvas or wood is then carefully removed by means of instruments and chemicals, and the painting is glued to a new canvas, after which the paper is removed from the surface of the painting. In case of a fresco the paper is rolled upon a cylinder while the plaster is being removed with a chisel. The retouching of the parts of the painting damaged during the restoration with dry color is an important process, which should be intrusted to most skillful hands. The glass plates now used instead of varnish in most mod- ern galleries, though superior as a protection to the painting, have the disadvantage of preventing the study of the ensemble of the picture by their reflective powers. RESTRAINT OF TRADE, Contracts in. It has always been regarded as contrary to the policy of the common law that one should de- prive himself of the right to engage in business or trade, and all contracts entered into for that purpose have with certain limitations been re- garded as illegal and consequently null and void. Thus a contract that one would never engage in his business or trade within ten miles of London was deemed valid and enforceable, but a contract not to engage in any particular trade or business in England for five years was considered illegal as against public policy. The later tendency of the English courts is to test the validity of the contract by its reasonableness in view of all the cireunistanees of the case irrespective of any arbitrary rule as to time and space. The early decisions of the I^nited States followed the early rule of the English courts. Later decisions rec- ognize that the United States constitute prac- ticall.y one country for purposes of trade, and consequently do not hold contracts in restraint of trade invalid when the restraint extends over an entire State, or indeed over nearly all of the United States. The Sherman Act of 1887, which