Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/791

* SCRIVENEB. 717 SCROPHULARIACE^. lowed in the Authorized 'pi-sion, together with the changes ixioptcd in the Revised Version (18S1). Scrivener's eriliciil |)iiiiciph's were lliii-.c of the okl siliodl, niiuked liy reverence Idr the Textus l!pce|itus. SCRIVENER'S PALSY, or Writkhs (kamp. See XtiHosis. SCROFULA (l,nt., ciiiuinutive of ncrufc. sow), or 8TRI MA. A tul)ercnhjus aliectiou manifested by enlargement of the lympli glaiuls and de- fective nutrition of the tissues generally. The term has had a varied signillcaiice at dilTerent periods and among dill'erent writers on medical subjects, but at the present time scrofula is be- lieved to be merely a manifestation of tuliercu- losis and to be due entirely to infcctiim and miIi- sequent irritation set up by the sjiecihc bacillus of that disease. By nuuiy authorities scrofula is looked upon as the "pre-tuberculous' stage of con- sumption. It is certain that individuals with tubercular adenitis arc prone to develop pul- monary tuberculosis, and the presence of these foci are a constant menace. On the other baud, many persons of exceptional bodily vigor are met with who in childhood bad culari;ed glands. JIany manifestations of disordered blood condi- tions formerly grouped as scrofulous are now known to be either tuberculous or due to other and definite causes. For example, chronic in- tianimation of the joints, carious ulceration of the bones, ulcers of the cornea, eczema, and ca- tarrhal states of the nnicous membrane of the nose, were formerl.v classed as stnnuous. Individuals of the lymphatic type are most liable to develop marked scrofulous symptom.-!. Heredit,y plays some part in the dev.elopment of the disease, but it is more likely to arise from poor food and bad hygienic surroundings. The glandular enlargements are most frequently seen in the neck, but all the lymphatic glands of the body may be allected with little or no involve- ment of other portions of the organism. There is a tendency on the part of these glands to suppurate and form very chronic abscesses. Scrofulous children are liable to suffer from chronic bronchitis, diarrhoea, and catarrhal dis- orders of the nose and throat, and any inter- current disease such as measles is apt to take a severe form with them. The treatment of scrofula is chiefly hygienic and comprises fresh air, in abundance, warm clothing, and nutritious food. Cod-liver oil and the syrup of the iodide of iron are the most gen- erally beneficial medicines, although iron, strych- nine, and arsenic are excellent tonics. Local applications of iodine will help to reduce the enlarged glands. When these break down, however, or threaten to suppurate, thorough excision is the only efficient remedy, and the unsightly scars that result from long continued suppuration may thus be avoided. The old English name for scrofula, "the king's evil,' was derived from the belief that the disease could be cured by the royal touch. The faith in its efficacy was widespread, surviving several centuries. Both the English and French kings practiced this rite, originated, it is said, bv Edward the Confessor. SCROGGS, Sir Willum (e.1623-8.3) . An English jurist, born at Deddington, Oxford. He attended' Oriel and Pembroke Colleges. Oxford, took' his B.A. in HUO. and was admitted to CJray's Inn in 1041. During the Civil Wnr he foiglit on the Royalist side and was called to the bar in Hi."):!. In Kills be wa> a^•^-iglled as counsel lor Sir illiaiii I'eiiii in his proposed iiii|H>acli- meiil trial, and in liiTti was knighted and made a justice of the Court of Common I'leas. lie was always subservient to the King and made political speeches from the bench. He was appoiiiled Lord Chief .luslice in 1078 and was called lo the as- sistance of the Commons in the invest igal ion of the Popish Plot (q.v. ). In ItiTll he presiiled over the trials of the accused and intimidated all wit- nesses for the defense, but at the trial of Sir (ieorge Wakemaii. I hi' Queen's physician, cha'nged tactics and disparaged the evidence of Bedloe and Titus Oates. By this action he lost favor with the populace and was accused before the Privy Council, but was acquitted. By adjourn- ing the (irand .lury on .June 20 he prevented the iiulictmcnt of the Duke of York as a Papist recusant. He was impeached by the House of Com- mons on the eight counts, but Parliament was abruptly dissolved and he was never tried. The next year he was removed from ollice. lint was granted a pension of £1.500 a year. Though a man of much ability, he was not a great lawyer, and no other judge except .lellreys has .so dis- graced the bench. SCROOGE, Ebe.nkzer. . harsh, avaricious, utterly loveless old man in Dickens's Clirixlmas Vaiol. who by a vision of the ghosts of Christ- mas, Past. Present, and To Come, is changed into a benevolent, cheerful person. SCROPE, George .Iilus PoiLETr (17117- 1.S70). An English geologist, born in London and educated at Harrow and at Saint .Folin's College, Cambridge. He visited Italy in 181!) to study volcanoes, and after his marriage in 1S2I, when be took bis wife's family name instead of his own. Thomson, traveleil in Central France and • again in Ital.v and was an eyewitness of the eruption of Vesuvius in October. 1822. With his intimate frieiul. Sir Charles Lyell. be attacked the prevailing Wernerian theory of volcanic ac- tion and advanced the nniforiiiitarian doctrine, insisting at the same time on adherence to the method of actual observation of natural phenomena. But his great fame is as a geologist, and be must rank as one of the most logical and clear thinkers among the natural scientists of his day. He wrote Considerutiun.i on I'ohnnoes (1828: 2d ed. 1802) and dvoloyy of ihr K.rlincI Vi)Jciinucs of Ctntriil France (1827: 2il ed. 1872). SCROPHULA'RIA'CE.a; (Keo-Lat. noni. pi., from Sciijjjliiildiitt. from Lat. xcrofiihr, scrofula; so called either because believed to be a remedy for scrofula, or because the knots on the roots were supposed to resemble scrofula). TiiK Fio- WORT Family. A large and widel.v distributed natural order of dicotyledonous plants embracing about ISO genera and 2000 species, chietly herbs and sub-shrubs, and also a few trees ( I'au- lownia). They are adapted to many different habitats and some show marked modifications due to their surroundings. Some species arc semi-parasitic upon the roots of other plants, although they retain their green coloration. Some Xcw Zealand species resemble certain coni- fers. Many species are grown as ornamentals, as calceolaria, snapdragon, speedwell, miinulus,