Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/79

* BESPIRATOflY SYSTEM. The lungs show a branched system of bronchi. In this respect the lungs of crocodiles and some other forms show a decided advance over those of Jinipliibia. The lungs of birds (q.v.) are in con- nection with large sacs, the 'air-sacs.' These air- sacs fill the interstices in the body cavity, pass between the muscles, under the skin, and even into the hollow bones. In man the lungs of the two sides are not symmetrical ; the riglit lung has three lobes, the left two. They are connected with the exterior by the air j^assages composed of the bronchial tubes, trachea, larynx, and windpipe. This sys- tem of organs arises on the ventral side of the oesophagus as a duct, and constricts off to form a distinct tube. The separation begins anteriorly. The lungs arise as lateral buds at the posterior end of the furrow. Cartilaginous supports first arise in Urodeles. Delinite trachese aj)pear in Sirenia, Amphiuma, and Gymnophiona. The car- tilaginous bands take on the form of half rings first in the G3!nnophiona. A dilTercntiated larynx appears in the Anura, is regulated by muscles, and has vocal cords. The larynx of reptiles makes no advance over that of Anura, but in crocodiles and turtles the larnyx is im- bedded in a depression of the hyoid. The thyroid cartilage of mammals is supposed to have been derived from a part of the hyoid. In birds two larjTiges are present, the lower of which, the syrinx, is the functional voice organ and is re- stricted to birds alone. Consult : Lang, Text-Book of Comparative Anatomy (London, 1891-96) ; Weidersheim, adapted by W. X. Parker, Comparative Anatomy of ^ rrtebratrs (London, 1897). RESPONDENT (from Lat. rcspondcre, to answer, from re-, back again, anew 4- spondcre, to promise). A party who is called upon to an- swer in proceedings against him in certain courts. A person who is sued in an admiralty court, or in a court of chancery or equity, is known as the respondent. In this sense the term corresponds to the word defendant. The term is also applied to one who opposes an appeal, and in that sense it is the op])Osite of appellant. In the English divorce courts the defendant is known as the respondent. See Appeal. RESPONDENTIA (Xeo-Lat., from Lat. re- spondere, to answer). A term employed in mari- time law to denote a loan of money on the whole or a part of the cargo of a ship, and conditioned to be paid with 'maritime interest' when the cargo is safely delivered at the port to which it is consigned. A respondentia bond is commonly given as evidence of the contract. The lender of the money assumes the risk that the goods may be lost at sea, and if such casualty occurs he loses the amount he has advanced. If there is a partial loss the lender is entitled to have the goods which are saved sold for his ben- efit. The loan is practically only on the per- sonal security of the borrower, as the goods may be sold by the latter free from any lien at any time during the voyage or upon their arrival. The advantage which accrues to the lender in consideration of the unusual risk he assumes is that he may contract for practically any rate of interest which the borrower is willing to pay. See Bottomry Bond; Usury. Consult the au- thorities referred to under Admiralty Law. 63 BEST-CUBE. RESSEL, res'scl. JosEl-il (1793-1857). An Austrian inventor, born nt Chnidini, lloheniin, and educated at Vienna and at .Mariabrunn. In the latter place he studied forestry, and from 1817 until his death he hi'hl various po-sts in the Austrian De])artnient of Korestry, being stationed for some time at Tricst. Kessef was an able me- chanic and invented several machines. His chiinis to the discovery of the screw propeller, which he did not patent, owing to an unfortunate accident at the trial trip of the .screw steamboat, rival those of Sauvage, Kriesson, Smith, and Wilsim. Consult Reitlinger, Joseph h'cssel (Vienna, 18(i:j). REST (AS. rcKt. rctst, Goth., OHO. rasia. Oer. Rast, rest; ultimately connected with Skt. rum, to rest, to rejoice). In music, an interval of silence occurring in the course of a movement between one sound and another. With the use of mensurable music (q.v.), rests began to be represented by regular fixed signs, and finally the following values were one after another decided on: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 — ^ — ^ ^ — : pl-=r — i- -fr-

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g>o ►or-o = bS •V 5P M XGO ►q-fl ?? 2.S f?T5 ^ •2^^ a 3 ■s 4i 3 ? = p> p "O p» ? p ■/J 3 Ultimately the tails of the shorter notes were reversed and thus our present rest characters came into use. The following are the principal rest characters: Thirty- Whole. Half. Quarter. Eighth. Sixteenth, second. For rests of a number of bars, it is now usual to draw one or two oblique lines across the staff, and write on them in figures the number of meas- ures during which the voice or instrument is to be silent; thus 5 in common time, denotes whole notes. A rest, may be prolonged by one a rest of o like a note, or more dots. BEST-CURE. A system of treatment inau- gurated about 1870, after the recognition of the success of Prof. Sanuiel Jackson, by Dr. S. Weir Mitchell (q.v.) of Philadeljihia. It is calculated "to renew the vitality of feeble people by a com- bination of entire rest and excessive feeding made possible by jjussive exercise obtained through the steady use of massage and electric- ity." The cases most benefited by such treatment are those of women who are 'nervous,' thin, and aniemic. partial or entire invalids. Seclusion from relatives and friends: absolute rest in bed for six weeivs or more; neither reading, writing, nor sewing, and often not raising the hand or turning over in bed without aid ; massage of the entire '^liody except the face every day for six weeks ; the'use of the induction current with slow interruptions over the whole of the body l)ut the face and neck during forty to sixty minutes each day; together with large quantities of milk, cocoa, and malt extract combine to make up the treatment. While rest-cure is especially suitable to the thin, it also benefits eases of 'fat anirniia' and the large majoritv of neurasthenics. It has also been of great 'value in indigestion "-' and