Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/789

* SCREW PROPELLER. 715 SCRIBE. numbers con'aiu papers on screw propulsion and its development), issued by the olliee of Naval Intelligence, Lnited States" Navy ; Hennett, Y'/i.; Monitor and the avy Under Ulcain (IJoston, Ii)0O) ; Seaton, Manual of Murine Knijineering (London and New York, ISllU) ; Sennitt and Oram, Murine Steam Engine (ib., 18'J8). See also the articles on Shipbiiildixg and on Steam NAVICiATIOK. SCREW-WORM. The larva of a dipterous insect {('onipsuinijin inaeellaria}, parasitic upon mammals and occasiomilly attacUint; luinian beings. The adult lly bidongs (o the family Sar- cophagidic and is less than a half an inch in length, bluish green with metallic redections and three black stripes upon the thorax. It ap- pears in the summer time and lays a mass of eggs either upon some decaying matter or in an open wound on some animal. Many cases are on record where eggs have been deposited in the nostrils of catarrlial persons sleeping in the open air. The eggs hatch in a very short time, even in a single hour. The larva or maggot is a whit- ish footless grub, rather slender and quite active, and burrows into the tissues of the afTccted ani- mal or decaying matter that furnishes it food. It grows rapidly and matures in the course of a week or less, then leaves the wound and enters the ground to transform to pupa. The puparia are brown in color, cylindrical, rounded at the end, and about two-fifths of an inch long. The pupal stage lasts from to 12 days, and there may be many generations in the course of a siunmer. The screw-worm fly inhabits all of tropical and much of temperate America, extend- ing from Canada to Patagonia. As a direct application for the sores infested with worms a carbolic wash is advised. 1 part of carbolic acid to .10 parts of water. A little glycerin may be added, and a final dressing with pine tar is rec- ommended. Wliere the nasal passages of human beings are inhaliited by the maggots they should promptly be syringed out with a mixture of 1 part of carbolic acid to 200 parts of water. Several fatal cases have been reported. See Myi.sis. Consult Osborn, Bulletin Xo. ."> inew series). Division of Entomology. United Slates Department of Agriculture (Washington, 1806). SCRIBE (Lat. .^criba, from scrihere. to write, scratch ; connected with serobs. ditch ) . A name given to one of a class of men in the .Jewish Church who were learned in the law. The He- brew- word (sopher) is related to the word mean- ing 'book' isepher). and hence occvirs originallv for a 'secretary.' as of Baruch (.Jer. xxxvi. 20), or of a writer in general (Ps. xlv. 1) ; it is also used of a certain governmental official, perhaps a muster-officer (e.g. II. Sam. viii. 17). P>ut tipon the canonization of the Jewish Scriptures, which were 'the Books' par exerJIence. the name became confined to those who expounded these sacred volumes. In this confined sense the word first appears applied to Ezra, 'the priest, the scribe' (Ezra vii. 11): this application is sig- nificant because Ezra (q.v. ) was the leading actor in the process of that canonization. In him the priest and the theologian are combined, naturally enough, for his work dealt with the priestly law. But it was the purpose of this canonization, which took place by a popular ratification (Neh, viii.). to make the law the code for the whole life of the nation, so that it soon became an object of even greater interest to Vol. XVtT — 46. the laity. Hence after the first steps in this l)ruccss these scribes came to be drafted more and more from the people, and toward the end of the .lewish Commonwealth only a minority were of the priestly or Sadducee interest, the great number belonging to the I'harisees. (See I'llAKi.sEKS; Saddi iKK.s. ) The New Testament gives the earliest full data for this learned caste. The tireek word (7pa;i^TeiJs, 'man of letters') is a translation of the lli-bic. Other terms used are more exact in delinition of the olliee; they are called "lawyers' and •teachers of the law.' .losephus well describes them as 'interpri'lers of the ancestral laws.' The New Testament care- fully avoids confusing them with the I'liaris(*s (e.g. Jlatt. xxiii. 2), for while the great ma- jority of them Ix-longed to this party, the scribes were the learned Icailers of the party, those who had approvcil tlicmsi'lve^. by education and public acknowledgment as lit teachers. They were the theologians, and inasmuch as .lewish theology was eminently practical, they were the jurists wlio interpreted the law for the courts, anil the casuists who settled individual questions. Their functions have been defined as (1) the theo- retical development of the law; (2) the teaching of the law: (3) the giving of legal opinion in court. They enjoyed the unboundi'd reverence and obedience of the people (even the Sailducees could not withstand their power) and estalilished what is. perhaps, the most remarkable system of intellectual authority apart from cast§ and priesthood that the worlil has ever seen. With the fall of the .lewish State the scribes became the sole authority in the Church, and the results of their labors are preserved in the Tahnud (q.v.), which gives the minutest details of their life and thought. Jewish terminology, however, confines the word Sopherim to the pre-Talniudic teachers. Consult Schiirer. History of the ./eirisU Peojilr in. the Time of Jesus Christ (Eng. trans., Edinburgh. VSOO). For examples of the melhoils and thought of the scribes, consult Taylor, Say- ings of the Jcu-ish Fathers (i.e. the Pirkc Aboth; Cambridge. 1877). SCRIBE, skrMi, AucuSTix Efaf:NE (1791- ISGl). A French dramatist. Born in Paris, and educated for the law. he turned, at twenty, to the stage {Les dervis, 1811), but he won his first great successes with Une null dc In garde nation- ale and Flore et Xephire (1810). after which, alone or in collaboration, he poured out an almost unbroken succession of some 400 ]ilays colb'ctcd in 70 volumes, noteworthy for their interesting ]ilnts and light. sj)arkling dialogues, but most of all for their mastery of the technique of the stage. He essayed every kind of dramatic writing, trage- dies, comedies, vaudevilles, opera libretti, collab- orating with others and often being little more than editor of others' ideas. He was elected to the .Vcademy in 1834. The best of his plays are, chronologicallv, VnU^rie (1822), Le mariage d'argent (182'7). Bertrnnd et Raton (18.33). La eiimuruderie (1S33), Le verre d'cau (1840), Tine chaine {Sil), Adrienne Lecoub-reur (1849), Les contes de la reine de Navarre (1850), lia faille de dames (1851), and Les doigts de f^e (I8.")8). On the last three he worked with T.egouve. The more noted of his libretti are Fra Diarolo (1S30). Itobert le Dialilr (1831), La Juire (183.5). Les TJuquenots (1830). La Faro- rite (1840). Le Prophete (1840), L'Afrieaine (1S0."«). Scribe wrote also some insignificant