Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/785

* SCOTTISH LANGUAGE. ru SCRANTON. dell, comuioiily followed the exainplo of King JaiiK's. iiiit tliero uuie some except ioii.s. Several balladists among the aiistoeracy, as Kohert Scm- pill (d. about lUGo) and Lady Wardhiw (d. 1727), continued the traditions of the early poets. The language of the peasantry still re- mained Scotch, and several writers of the eight- eenth century attempted to restore the native s])ceeh to literature. Allan Ramsay (d. 17.58) gained immense popularity by his songs com- posed in a mixture of Scotch and standard Kng- lisli. After Ramsay came a group of imitators, and then the tine vernacular verse of Robert Fergusson (d. 1774), who is rightly regarded as the forerunner of Robert Burns. A peasant by liirtli and thus at home in the vernacular. Burns adilcd to his knowledge by reading Fergusson, Ramsay, and the poets of the old perioil. In Burns the humor and pathos of native Scotch song reached its highest point. The tradition of Scotch song was kept up with varied success by John Wayne (d. 1836), Hector MacNeill (d. 1818). .Jo'anna Baillie (d. 1851). Ladv Nairne (d. 184.5), James Hogg (d. 1835), Robert Tan- nahill (d. 1810), and Allan Cunningham (d. 1842). Others still continue to write occasional good songs. But Scotch verse since Burns has run into a sort of Scotch-English, which an- nounces its end. It should be observed that the revival of the Scotch dialect has had an import- ant inlluence on the novel. Sir Walter Scott's characters taken from the peasantry speak this native speech. And more recentlv Barrie and Watson have written admirable stories in the dialect of remote parishes. Bibliography. For language, consult .1. A. H. Murra.v. "The Dialect of the Southern Counties of Scotland," in Trukscictions of tJie Philoloijicul So- ciety for 1870-72 (London, 1873). and the his- tories of the English language by Lounsbuiy (rev. ed., New York, 1894). and b,v Emerson (ib., 1894). For liteiatui-e, Henderson, ScotUsh ^'er- nacular Lit era t lire (London. 1898) ; Jlillar, Liter- ary History of Scotland (ib.. 1903). See English LiTEK.TURE ,• Scottish Gaelic Literatvbe. SCOTUS, Drxs. A mediaeval schoolman. See Dins Scotvs. SCOTUS, .Johaxxes. A philosopher of the ninth century. See Ekigexa. SCOURGE OF GOD, The. A name given to Attila, King of the Huns, who was the terror of Europe in the fifth century. SCRAG WHALE (so called because the back is scragged instead of finned). The name of two difTerent whales. That in the North Atlantic is a rorqual {Ayelaphus gibbosus). which reaches about 50 feet in length, has no dorsal fin. and has whitish baleen. The scrag of New Zealand waters is the 'pigm.v right whale' ( Xeobalwiin maryinata). which does not exceed about 15 feet in length, but yields the most elastic and tough- est whalebone sent to market. SCRANTON. The fourth city in population of Pennsylvania and the county-seat of Lacka- wanna County; situated on the Lackawanna River, 160 miles by rail north of Philadelphia and 145 miles northwest of New York (Map: Pennsylvania. F 2). Five railroads enter the city: the Delaware. Lackawanna and Western, main line and Bloomsberg division; the Dela- ware and Hudson, main line: the New York, (.)ntario and Western: the Frie (Wyoming divi- sion) ; and the Central Railroad of New .ler.sey. There is one electric line — the Wyoming alley Rapid Transit Company. The street railway system comprises 40 miles of vell-constnicle<l road. Scranton has a picturesque location in the Lackawanna Vallev, on the plateau at the con- Ihience of Roaring Urook and the river. Tlii' city, which has an area of 19'/:; .si|uare miles, is nituu- ted at elevations ranging from 800 feet to nearly 1800 feet above the sea. There are 149 miles of streets and avenues in addition to traveled courts and places. Among the notable publii' edifices are the United States Government liuilding. Court llou.se. City Hall, .lbright Memorial Library. .Moses Taylor Hospital, tlie Oral School for r Deaf and Dumb, and the High School. Other promi- nent structures are the International Coricspond- ence School, the Y. JI. C. A., the Home of the Friendless, the Board of Trade, the Jermyn Hotel, the Masonic Temple, and the spacious Connell Building. The eit,v has two free and several other libraries. The largest is the Al- bright Memorial, having 45.000 volumes, with an annual circulation of 125,000 volumes. There are 40 school buihlings, surpassed by none in the State in architecture and modern improvi'ments, besides several colleges and acadenues, an Histori- cal Societ}', and a Societ.v of Natural Science. The two public parks contain 100 acres. The valuation of real property (1903) is .$54,157,813. Scranton is the centre of the great antliracite coal region, and is one of the principal distribut- ing points for coal. It is also an important centre for general trade, having a numlier of wholesale blocks. There is invested in incor- porated manufacturing establishments .$25,000.- 000. The leading plants include a nut and Ixilt manufactory, a lace curtain mill, a knitting mill, iron foundries, locomotive and stationary engine works, and several silk mills. The government is vested in a mayor, elected every three ,vears; select and common councils; and administrative departments as follows: public safet.v, public works, assessors, cit.v treasurer, cit.v comptroller, city attorney, city clerk, and sinking fund com- mission. The city spends annuall.v, in mainte- nance and operation, iicarlv $500,000. The public schools are under the direction of a board of control, on which each ward has a representative. The total expenditures for school purposes, in- cluding repairs, salaries, and erection of build- ings, for 1902, were .$430,489. In 1788 Philip Abbott of Connecticut, his brother .James, and others formed the first set- tlement, now included in the citv. on the 'Roar- ing Brook.' In 1799 came the Slocums, who namefl their settlement 'Slocuin Hollow.' The city was founded, however, by Jo.seph H. and Cieorge W. Scranton in 1840. It was incorporated as a borough in 1854. and was chartered as a third-class city in 18G6, beccmiing a second-class citv in 1901. The population, in 1860. was 20.000: in 1870. 35.092; in 1880. 43.8.50; in 1890, 75.275; in 1900. 102.020. SCRANTON, George WIiitefiei.d (1811-61). An .merican manufacturer, born in Madison, Conn. In 1839, with his brother. Joseph H. Scranton, he established an iron manufactory on the site of the present cit,v of Scranton. which is named for them. He was one of the organizers of