Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/783

SCOTT. national palace. (See .) General Scott returned from the war with great fame as a soldier, and in 1852 was nominated as the Whig candidate for the Presidency, but carried only four States. In 1855 the office of lieutenant-general was revived by Congress in order that it might be conferred by brevet on General Scott. Increasing age and infirmity prevented him from taking active command of the army during the Civil War, and in October, 1861, he retired from active service. Subsequently he visited Europe and afterwards settled at West Point, where he died May 29, 1866. His autobiography was published in two volumes at New York in 1864.

Consult the biography by Mansfield (New York, 1852), and that by Headley and Victor (ib., 1861). The latest and best is that by Wright (ib., 1894) in the "Great Commanders Series."  SCOTT'DALE. A borough in Westmoreland County, Pa., 35 miles southeast of Pittsburg, on branches of the Pennsj-lvania and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads (Map: Pcnnsjivania. 15 3). It has large coal-mining and coke interests, and iron-working establislinients. It manufactures also Hour and lumber products. Population, in 18!»0, 2693; in 1900, 4261.

SCOTTISH ACADEMY, Royal. Jin institution devoted to painting, sculpture, and the encouragement of the tine arts, formed at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1820, and incorporated by royal charter in 1838. It was modeled after the Royal Academy of London, and in the early years of its existence occupied a range of galleries in the building of the Royal Institution, in which its annual exhibitions were then held. In 1854 the National Gallery, a building to be devoted to the fine arts, was completed and provision was made for the exhibitions of painting and sculpture of the Royal Scottish Academy, which are annually held there. Accommodation is also afforded in the Iniilding for the schools of the Academy.

SCOTTISH GAELIC LITERATURE. Throughout the Old Irish period and most of the Middle Irish, the Gaelic countries may be said to have had a common literary tradition. Intercourse was easy between the two halves of the Gaelic world and the bards passed freely back and forth. The scenes of ancient sagas like the Longrs Mac n-Vsiiig were laid on both sides of tile Irish Sea, and'the hero-tales of Cuchulainn and of the Fenians were current in the Scottish Highlands. Unfortunately, the early monuments of Scottish Gaelic are very scanty. The Book of Deir, a Latin Gospel-book of the ninth century, contains a Gaelic passage which corresponds strictly to Old Irish; and certain later entries in the same manuscript show that the language of the eleventh and twelfth centuries still stood very near to the Irish of Ireland. A considerable numVr of Middle Irish manuscripts are preserved in the libraries of Scotland. Not until the sixteenth century—the time, roughly speaking, of the Protestant Reformation—did the language and literature of Scotland have an independent development. The beginning is marked by The Bool; of Ihe Drni) of Lixmorc a manuscript collection of poems made in 1512 and containing much valuable Ossianic material. Even in the Dean's Book some poems are rather Irish than Scottish. The lirst printcil work was Bishop Carsewell's translation of John Knox's liturgy (1507), and a great part of the Highland literature ever since, like that of modern Wales, has been theological in character. There have not been lacking secular poets, how ever, the successors of the ancient Irish bards whose name they still preserved. In the seventeenth century the most famous were Marj' -MacLeod and John Maedonald; in the eighteenth Alexander .Maedonald. Robert .Mackay (Rob Donn I. Dugald Buchanan. Uuncan Bun Mcliityre, and illiam Koss; and in the early nineteenth Allan MacDougall and Ewen MacLauch-' Ian were of special note. The portion of Gaelic literature that has been most widely known and discussed—and at the same time most generally misunderstood—is the Ossianic poetry. (See Maii"iike{.so.v, .Iames. ) The works of ilacpberson and his followers are utterly unlike the real Ossianic literature of both Scotland and Ireland. But these writers rendered a real service to the CJaelic literature which they represented. They made it known to the literary world abroad, and they gave the impulse to the collection of popular poetry at home. During the last hundred years or more a large mass of botli ballads and folktales has been printed, and the work of collection is still going on. Among (hose who have labored thus to preserve the national literature the first place belongs undoubtedly to J. F. Canijibell of Islay. Bini.iooRAPiiY. For the Book of Deir, see Dr. Stuart's edition (Edinburgh. 1802). Compare further Whitley Stokes, 6'oidf/ioa (London. 1872), and .1. Strachan in the Proceedings of the flaelie ^ocicii) of Invernefis (vol. xi.x. ). The Book of the Dean of JJsmore was edited by Thomas McLachl.in (Edinburgh. 1862) and again more correctly l>y Alexander Cameron, Uelii/uiw Celtiece (ill., 1892). The best poems of the modern bards have been printed in the anthology of John Mackenzie. Sar-Ohnir nam Bard (laelach (Glasgow. 18(>5). On the Ossianic controversy see the admirable articles of L. Christian Stern in the Zeilnelirifl fiir Yergtriehende Lilleraliirgeschiehte (vol. viii.). Campbell's great collections are entitled The Popular Tales of the West Ilifihlands (1860-62) and the I.eabhar »a Fcinne (1872). The series entitled Waifx and Strays of Celtic Tradition contains many of the most valuable contributions of later collectors. Alexander Carmichael's Carniina Oadelica (1900) is the most important work in this field since Campbell. Much of the best Gaelic prose and verse of the nineteenth century was contributed to such periodicals as An flaodhal. the Ciiairtear nan Gteann. and the Teaehilairr tiaodhalaeh. The Gaelic works of Norman Maeleod have been collected under the title Caraid nan Gaidheal (new ed., Edinburgh. 18991901). On the literary hisforv- two general treatises may be cited: Blackie. The Language and Literature of Ihe fieottish fjighlands (Edinburgh. 1870), and MacNeill. The Literature of the Highlanders. See Scottish Language and LiTERATfRE: Celtic Lanciages: Irisei (Gaki.hi Literatire.

SCOTTISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. By the Scnitiih Inngiiage is meant the English dialect once cultivated in Scotland and now spoken in remote districts. When, in the