Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/765

* SCORE. 093 SCORPION. paratively easy to proceed from this point to the reading of complicated stores. No one should at- tempt playing from scoi-e wlio has not a tlior- ough knowledge of liarmony as well as a fair knowledge of counterpoint. In reading a large score it is impossible to look at everj' individual note. A glance at the double-basses, violins, and horns, as a rule, will sullice to establish the par- ticular chord. The fundamental bass part and the melodic outline nuist lie strictly preserved, but the intermediate harmonics must be recog- nized at a glance and distributed on the spur of the moment. On account of the transposing in- struments, skill in transposition is essential. SCOREL, sko'rel, .Jan van (also Scuoheel and ScHOORLE) (1495-1562). A Dutch land- scape, historical, and portrait painter, the first to bring the influence of the Italian Renaissance into Holland. He was born at Schoorl. near Alk- maar, studied under the brothers .lacob and Willem Cornelisz at Haarlem and Amsterdam, and finally became a pupil of Albert Diirer in Nurend^erg. Sidisequently he went to Konie, where he was made overseer of the Vatican Gal- lery by his countryman, Pope Adrian VI. His pictures are now rather scarce, as man}' of them were destroyed by the Dutch iconoclasts. There are a "Magdalen," a "Queen of Sheba," a "Bathsheba," and an "Adonis," in the museum at Amsterdam: a iladonna and portraits of a man and of a boy, in Rotterdam ; "The Fall of Man," "The Baptism of Christ," "Saint Cecilia," and a portrait group of Knights Templars at Haarlem. SCORESBY, skorz'bi, William (1789-1857). An English Arctic explorer and phj-sicist. He was born near Whitby. Yorkshire. When only eleven years of age the boy accompanied his father, a whaler, to Greenland and after- wards he was his constant companion on his voy- ages. During the winter months he studied in Edinburgh University, navigation, mathe- matics, natural history, chemistry, and some other branches. After 1800 he began the study of the meteorologj' and natural history of the Arctic regions, and attracted the attention of scientific men by his careful and accurate papers on these topics. In 180(5, while chief officer on his father's ship Rcsohitioii. he reached latitude 81° 30' N. in longitude 19° E., the most north- ern point authentically known to have been at- tained up to that time. His father and he saw the unknown coasts of East Greenland in their voyages of 1817 and 1821. It was in 1822. how- ever, that Scoresby made his most important voy- age. Early in June he was near enough to Green- land to chart the coast from Cape Hold with Hope (discovered and named by Hudson in 1007 on the north side of the entrance of Franz .Josef Fiord in 73° 30' N.) to Gale Hamke Bay. 75° N.. named after its Dutch discoverer in 1654. Dur- ing the next three months he surveyed and chart- ed with great care and accuracy 800 miles of winding coasts, completely changing the sujijiosed geographic features of East Greenland. Scoresby afterwards entered the Church and was appointed curate of Bassingby in 1825. His scientific labors, however, ended only with his life. He contributed largely to the knowledge of ter- restrial magnetism, made a voyage to Australia in 1856 to obtain new data on this subject, wrote many papers for the Royal and other .societies on this and other branches of science, and made valuable observations on the height of Atlantic waves during two visits to .merica. He was also much interested in social [iroblcnis and es- pecially in improving the condition of factory operatives. His Arctic books are History aii'd Iksciiiition of tlif Aiclic Jtciiions (182(1), and Journal of a Voyage lo thr orlhern Whale Fishery, Iiichcdiiig Researches and UtKcorrries on the Eastern Coast of (Ireenland (1H23). His Journal of a Voyage to Australia for Magnetical Uvsearch was published in 1859, after his death. His nephew. Dr. R. E. Scoresby. Jackson, pub- lished Life of WiUiiim Seoresby (London, 1801). SCORP^NIDiE, skor-pe'ni-d^ (Xeo-Lat. nom. 1)1., from Lat. scorpa'nu, from (Jk. nxApjroii'o, skorimiiia, sort of fish, from o-KopiriAs, shorpios, scorpion). A very large and important fandly of s|)iny-rayed fishes, the rockfisbcs (q.v.). The body is chmgate, compressed, and liears ctenoid scales. The head is large and armed to a greater or less extent with ridges or spines. The mouth is usually large, the teeth villiform. The dorsal fin is long, the anterior portion spinous; the anal short, with three spines, and 5 to 10 soft rays. Many of the species are viviparous, the young being when born about one-fourth inch long. They are non-migratory fishes, inhabiting the rocky margins of all seas, especially the tem- perate Pacific. The fandly in<-ludes about 30 genera and 250 species, many of them of large size and all good as food-fishes. Many of the species are reddish and are hence called "rose- fishes' ( q.v. ) . SCORPION (Lat. scorpio, from Gk. (rKopirlot. slorpios, scorpion). Unc of the tailed araclinids of the order Scorpionida, natives of warm coiai- tries in both the Eastern and Western Henn- spheres. The body is divided into a short, com- pact, leg-bearing cephalothorax and a long seg- mented abdomen. The last five segments of the abdomen form a slender, tail- like portion. The terminal fH a segment is modified into, a Vc-vvjV-P'/ cui'ved sharp sting provided '''^^ /'fe^iv with two pores from which - ' the poison flows. The poison is supplied by two poison glands at the base of the seg- ment. To the cephalothorax are attached six pairs of ap- pendages. The first pair (mandibles) is short, the second pair (palpi) long, and both pairs bear pincers. Tho.se of the palpi are very large and resemble lobster claws. The four succeeding pairs of appendages are true pioa/i.r;2.moiitb-part8 legs. The abdomen is with- ;,, lateral ocelli : c. cen- out appendages save the sec- trnl Inrne ocelli; rf.nmx- ond segment, which ^^r. ^J^^ ^ "■ ^»"- two comb-like organs, the pectines. the function of which is not known. There are four spiracles or breathing pores on each side of the abdomen. There are from three to six pairs of eyes. The sexes difl'er in the broader pincers and longer abdomen of the male. They are viviparous aild the mother carries her young about with her for some time after they are born. They cling to all parts of her body by means of their pincers. Scorpions feed on spiders and SCORPION. 1. Full IlKure of Scor-