Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/755

* s p ;■ = £ I _ =« is SCIENCES. 685 * SCIENCES. g. _-:r sevpial iiiquirips. thoie do arise several knowl- i -SJ ■3- a'- s =^ c-dgcs, divine pliiliisophv. natural philosopliv. and B I |l il s ll I""""" l>liil"M>|>li.- "<! nietaphysie that which is abstracted aiid S_9_| £ .||| (i.'^ed. ".Metaphysic includes the intjuiry into for- mal and final causes and matheniatics. .Mathe- matics is divided into pure and ini.ed. the for- ^ _ _ _ ^ mcT includinjr geometry and arithmetic, the lat- o i I " i i 11 Is 1=2 '*■'' i'lcludint; pcrs|M'etive, music, astronomy, g ■? -^ *' 1 I * S -^ =•? S| i cosmograiihy, architecture, eufjinery, and divers S'5-.l-~ c^ 5 ^i- '^^'^ others." "Physics hath three parts. Tlie first t £S;ic^. Zx25| is? doctrine is touching the contexture or conlif;ura-
 * .. 3|i-i| nl III = til' ''"" °f tliiii^'^. • . . The second is the doc-

g»^5i = S- S. S g| 5 ■" ■="-' trine concerniuf; the jirinciplcs or ori^jinals of "« «; — I ^ ^ S ■= S.S^ ■ ■ things. The third is the doctrine eonccrnin}.' nil • =■ c i a § t~ w_ variety and particularity of thinfrs, whether it I 5 ^ S S § .go = i be of the dillcrinK substances, or their dirt'erini; qualities and natures. ^ ^ _ Hobbcs gives a most ingenious classification, ■i-isS 1^? *^ which, both on account of its curious interest and of the light it throws upon his general concep- tion of science, is given in the accompanying table, transcribed from his Leviathan (1G51). Early in the nineteenth century three am- bitious classifications were proposed, one by Ben- tham (181(>). one by Comte (18;{0). and one by A. M. Amp&re (1834). Rentham's and Ampere's agree in being dichotomous and characterized by highly artificial terminologies, which form one of the curiosities in the history of science. Both also agree in dividing the sciences into those dealing with body and those dealing with mind. The former Benthani calls somatol- ogy, and the latter pneumatology. Soma- tology is divided into posology (mathematics) or the science of pure quantify, ani

l^^ I.Q Si'* ^1 "^ " "cj = 33 z ■■ ^ C 3J ^•r. 3 X Z t» C 3 »^ ^ a .- * = ■3 -.I* «:^ -'&.-.£ Cp.'^^ w5 ^: c^- '^ ^"'^ agnosto-synibolic. 'i'lie former term is hi.s S ^i ■! 2 = ~' "='2'=:|^ j? designation for common arithmetic, and the lat- •/: g^ u z = c g^e I £''•=' ter for algebraical arithmetic. Poiologj' is di- ^ "^ ° Si ~ "■ "£ J "= I .^ vided into pbysiurgy (natural history) and an- ' thropoui'gy (natural philosophy). Physiurgv is »S °'l£j£^3 divided into uranoseopy (astronomy) and epigeos- .s£ ■" ^co4JO<io copy (terrestrial natural history). Epigcoscopy eg. ' ' ■ is divided into abioscopy (mineralogy) and eni- _= ,. ^ ■ bioscopy (physiology). All these arc again sub- 's^ ^«| divided and sub-sulidivided till one has a fairly %,'i ^».aJ=' complete Greek dictionary at last. The divisions o| .S°_'S of anthropourgy the iniiuisitivc will find given SS kJe= in infinite detail in the Chrestuiiiiilhia. I £=.s" Perhaps the best known and the most thori ^ i -^ * oughly discussed classification ever made is Comte's. The division is not by genus and spe- cies, but by hierarchical order. "The classifiea- goi^ tion." he says, '•must proceed from the study of a, -;2 I the things to be classified, and iinist by no means 5.9 = be determined by « priiiyi considerations. The •5 = J. § real afiiniHcs ami natural connections presented by objects being allowed to determine their or- der, the classification itself becomes the expres- sion of the most general fact. ... It fol- _, . lows that the mutual dependence of the sciences ^ — a dependence resulting from that of the corre- gg spending phenomena — must determine the ar- Egu rangement of the system of human knowledge." Applying this method. Comte concludes tiiat there are six sciences. "We cannot make them less;