Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/746

* SCHWALBACH. 676 SCHWAKZ. now annually visited l>y only 7000 persons. The Milters conta'iii iron and carbonic acid. Popula- tion, in I'.'OO. 2077. SCHWALBE, shviil'be, Benedikt. A Ger- man Jiiiiidiitine monk. See CiiiCLiuosiUS. SCHWANN, shviin, Tiikohok ( 1810-82). A Geniiaii |iliyslolo<jist and histologist, born at Xeuss and oducat'cd in lionn. Wiirzburg, and Berlin. In the Anatomical -Museni of Berlin, he assisted Johannes Miiller from 1834 to 1838, and discovered pepsin, made valuable .studies on artificial di- gestion, fermentation, and putrefaction, the or- ganic nature of yeast, the mechanism of muscular and arterial contraction, the double direction of nerves, and the envelop of nerve fibres. In 1838- 48 he was professor at Louvain, and then held a chair at Li&ge for another decade. Schwann made many pliysiological discoveries, but his most important achicvciiii'iit was his foundation of the modern cellular tlicory in Micfoscopical Investi- gations on the Accordance in the Structure and Grouth of Plants and Animals (1839; Eng. ver- sion, 1847). He wrote "Anatomic du corps hu- niain" for the Brussels Encylopedie populaire (ISof,). SCHWANTHALER, shviin'tii'ler, Ludwig VON (1802-48). A German sculptor, born at Munich. He studied under his father, Franz Schwanthaler (1702-1820), a sculptor, and in the ihniich Academy. His first royal commission was received in 1824 from King Maximilian I., an <uder for a silver ^pergne with reliefs from the myth of Prometlieus. Thereafter he enjo.ved a greater share of the patronage liestowed U])on the art by the House of A'ittelsbach. In 182G King Louis I. sent him to Rome. Upon his return to Munich the next year, he w-as commissioned to execute reliefs and decorative features for the New Glyptolhek. To this period, also, belong the statue of Shakespeare in the vestibule of the Royal Theatre and the Bacchus frieze (20,5 feet long) in Duke Max's banqueting hall. In 1832 he went again to Rome, where he executed sev- eral groups for the southern pediment of the Walhalla at Regensburg. and models for his 24 .statues of painters in the New Pinakothek. In 1835 he was appointed professor at the Munich Academy. About him gathered many of the most promising young sculptors in Germany, who were of great assistance in his numerous commissions. For Louis I. he executed Homeric reliefs in the Kiinigsbau, and twelve colossal statues of Wit- telsbach princes : also the pediments of the Wal- halla at Regensburg and of the Propyheum at Munich, and the colossal bronze statue of Bavaria (1844-50), nearly 63 feet high, in front of the Ruhmeshalle at jlunich. Mention must be made as well of his monuments to .Jean Paul (1841), at Bayreuth; to Jlozart (1842), at Salzburg; and to (ioetlie (1843), at Frankfort: of his stat- ues of the Grand Duke Charles Frederick of Baden (1840; Karlsruhe), the Grand Duke Louis of Hesse ( Darmstadt ), the Margrave Frederick Alexander of Brandenburg (1843; Erlangen), and the Emperor Rudolph of Hapsburg ( 1843 ; Speyer cathedral ) ; and of the charming relief of two dancers, besides other figures in the palace at Wiesba<len. Consult Trautmann, Sckiranthalers Reliiiuien (Munich, 1858), SCHWARTZ, shvarts, Marie Esp^rance von (known also as Elpis Melena) (1821-09). A German author, daughter of the Hamburg banker Brandt, born at Southgate, England. After a first early marriage she became the wife of the banker Von Schwartz, of Hamburg, from whom she eventually was separated. She then settled in Rome and devoted herself to literary work. A friendship with Garibaldi was one of the in- teresting features of her residence in Italy. Among her numerous works may be luinied : Blatter aiis dent afrikanischen lieisctugcbuche einer Dame (1849); Garibaldis Denkiciirdig- keitcn (1801) ; Die Insel Krcta untcr dcr otto- manischcn Veriialtiing (1867) ; Krcta-Bicnc, oder krctisclie ^'olkslicder, Sagen, Liehcs-, Denk-, iind Sittcnspriiche (1874); Garibaldi (1884). SCHWARTZ, Marie Sofia. (1819-84). A Swedish novelist, born at Borfts. As an autlior she was very popular, not only in Sweden, but also in Cieruiany, where most of her writ- ings were published. Her novels were frequently collected in Cierman versions. The chief are: Uannen of Bordoch Quinnan of Falket (1858) ; Arhetet Adlar Manncn- (1859); and Arbetets barn, which has been reprinted in America (1894). SCHWARTZ, WiLHELM (1821-99). A Ger- man mythulogist. He was born in Berlin, studied there and in Leipzig, taught for twenty years in the Werder gynuiasium in Berlin, and was director, successively, of the gj'mnasiums at Neu- ruppin (1804-72), then, until'l8S2, of the Fried- rich-Wilhelm Gymnasium at Posen, and from 1882 until 1894 of the Luisen Gymnasium at Ber- lin. He wrote: Miirkische Hnqen iind iliirchen (1843) and Xorddeiitsche Sagen (1849), lioth results of early studies and travels with Adal- bert Kuhn; Vrsprung der ilythologie (1860); Die poctischen IS'aturanschauungen der Griechcn, Romer vnd Deutsehen in- Hirer Be::iehung ^^■i/r Mythologie (1804-79) ; Prahistorisch-anthropolo- gische Stiidien (1884) ; and Xachkliinge priihis- torischcn Volksglauhens im Homer (1894), SCHWARTZE, shvilr'tse, Hermann (1837 — ). A Gcrnuin aurist, born at Neuhof. in Poiiie- rania, and educated in Berlin and Wiirzliurg. He became docent in 1863. professor in 1S6S. and director of the aural clinic in 1884 at the Ini- versity of Halle. One of the founders of modern otologj', Schwartze made a particular study of the anatomy of the ear and improved the methods of paracentesis on the tympanic memljrane, and of the opening of inflamed apophy.ses of the mid- dle ear. He wrote Praktische Beitriige cwr Olirenkeilkiinde (1864), Pathologische Anatomie des Ohrs (1878), and Lehrbnch der chirurgischen Krankheiten des Ohrs (1885): was coeditor with Berthold of the Bandbiich der Ohrrnheilkunde (1892-93); and in 1872 became editor of the Archil- fiir Ohrenheilkunde. SCHWARZ, shvarts, Berthold. A Franciscan monk of the fourteenth century, whose name is thought to have been Konstantin Ancklitzen. He is said to have discovered gunpowder while in prison for sorcery, about 1330. It is. however, jjrobable that giuipowder had been known before, and that Schwarz only utilized it for military ])urposes. There is a monument to him at Frei- burg, which is assumed to be his birthplace. SCHWARZ, Herm.kn Ajiandus (1843 — ). A (Jerinan nuithematician. born at Hermsdorf, in Silesia, and educated in Berlin. He Ijecame pro- fessor at Halle in 1867. at the Zurich Polvtechnic