Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/740

* SCHTJCKING. 670 SCHI7LZ. after returning to Munich, ^'ave up the law for letters. His lirst elVorts, puWlislied in 1842, were ilosoriptive: Dux iiKiltrischc iind lomunttsche Wistfukn, and Ucr Dum zii hOlii iiml seine Vol- Iciiduiiii. In 1S43 he went to Aufjshurg as one of the editors of the Mlnemeine Zeitunij, and thence he removed to Cologne to take charge of the KiUniu-he Zcitung. His numerous novels include: /.'ill iicMoss am Mcer (184.'?); V erschlumjeyie M'ege (1867); Die Ueiligcn und die Ritter (1872) ; Die Berhcrgc dcr Uerechtiykeit (1878) ; Ous Rrcht dcs Lebeiiden ( 1880). After his death appeared LehenserinneniDijen (188U). Although not profound, these works are wholesome and agreeable. His wife, LviSE von Gall (ISIS-S."]), was born in Darmstadt. She published her first volume, FriiiieiuKirelloi. in 1844, and this w^as followed by the novels Geyen den Strom (1851) and Drr n'eue Kreiiziilter (1853). She was also the author of a successful comedy, Ein sehlechtes Ueirisscn ( 1842). SCHULTE, shunl'tF. Johann Friedricii von (1827 — ). A (ieniiaii jurist, born at Winterbcrg, Westphalia. In 1854 he became professor of canon law at Prague. His opposition to the doc- trine of Papal infallibility, as oonsistorial councilor, attracted much attention and criti- cism. In 1S73 he became professor at Bonn. From 1874 to 1879 Schulte was a member of the German Reichstag, where he voted with the National Liberals. He is considered an authority on canon law. His publications include: Si/s- iem des lailholisehcn Kircheiirechts (1855) ; Die Lehre von den Quellen des katholisehen Kirehen- rechts (18(11)); Die Reehtsfraye des Einfiusses der Rcyieniny hei den Bischofsieahlen (1809). SCHULTENS, sKul'tens, Albert (1080-1750). A Dutch Semitic scholar. He was born in Gro- ningen, studied there, at Utrecht, and at Leyden, and after two years as pastor at Wassenaar, near Leyden, in 1713 became professor of Oriental ' languages at Franeker. whence in 1729 he removed to Leyden. There he be- came professor of Arabic — the study of which he insisted was a necessary adjunct to Hebrew — and of Hebrew antiquities. He was the first comparative philologist in Semitics, and wrote Iiistiliiliones (id Fiindumenta Linyuce Hebraic(v (1737), Oriyines Uehrcece (1724-38), the unfinislied Insiitutiones Aramcece (1745-49), and versions, with commentaries, of Job (1737) and of the Book of Proverbs (1748). SCHULTZ, shults, Alwin (1838—). A Ger- man art critic and historian, boi-n at Muskau, Lusatia. After stud.ying archa?ology and Germanic philology at Breslau. he established himself there as docent for art-history in 1800. was appointed professor in 1872. and called to the University of Prague in 1882. His most important publica- tions include: ScMesiens Kitnstlebrn iin 13. his IS. Jahrhundert (1870-72); Die Leycnde rom Lehen der Junyfraii Maria und Hire DarsteVnng in der bildendeii Kuttst des Mittclalters (1878) ; Dns hSfische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger (2d ed. 1889) ; Kiinst und Kunstgeschiehte (2d ed. 1901) ; Deutsches Leben im i.}. und 15. Jahrhundert (1892) ; and Allgemeine Geschichte der bildcnden Kiinste (1894 et seq.). SCHXTLTZ, Sir John Christian (1840-96). A Canadian administrator, born in Amherstburg, Ontario, and educated at Victoria University (M.D., 1861). In Kiel's Kebellion (1870) Schultz was imprisoned and coMclemmd to death liy Kiel for loyalty to the British Hag and the Canadian party. From 1871 to 1882 he was a memljer of the Dominion House of Commons and from 1888 to 1895 Lieutenant-Governor of ilanitoba. Schultz was a member of the Executive Council of the Northwest Territories, and president of the Jlani- toba Southwestern Railway. He died suddenly in Monterey, Mexico, about a year after he be- came K. C. M. G. SCHULTZE, shyl'tse, Fritz (1846—). A German philosopher, born at Celle and educated at Jena, Gijttingen, and Munich. He was pro- fessor extraordinary of philosophy at Jena in 1875-76 and became in the latter year professor of philosophy and pedagogy in the Royal Poly- technic Institute of Dresden. Among his works may be named: Der Fetischismus: Ein Bcitrag zur Anthropoloyie und ReUgionsyesehiehte (1871); Geschichte dcr Philosophie der Renais- sance (1st vol. 1874); Philosophie der Natur- ■iHssenschaft (1881-82) ; iitammbaum der Philos- ophic (1890); Der Zeilyeist in Deiitseh- land, seine Wandlung im I'J. und seine muth-. musslicJie Gcstallung im 20. Jahrhundert (1894). SCHULTZE, Max SiciiSMUND (1825-94). An eminent German anatomist and cytologist. He was born at Freiburg in Breisgau. After 1845 he studied at Greifswald and Berlin. In 1854 he was appointed adjunct professor in Halle, and in 1859 was called to the chair of anatomy in the University of Bonn. His chief works are on turbellarian worms ( 1851 ) ; on the Foraminifera of the Adriatic Sea (1854) ; on the embryology of various worms and of the lamprey: on the mode of termination of the finer nerves in the or- gans of sense; and on the electric organs of fishes; but his most notable contribution to general biology was his work on the nature of proto- plasm" and of cells (q.v.). He was the first, after Dujardin, to establish the nature of protoplasm ' of rhizopods and to show that it was the funda- ' mental substance of both animals and plants. * His results are embodied in his tract Das Proto- plasma der Rhizopoden und der Pflanzcnzellen. Ein Beit rag ziir Theorie dcr Zelle (Leipzig, 1863) . He adopted Mohl's term 'protoplasm,' ap- plied by that botanist to plants alone, and extended it to include that of animals. Schultze was also the founder and editor of the Archiv fiir niilroskopische Anatomic. SCHULZ, sh;ilts, Albert (1802-93). A Ger- man writer on mediirval literature, especially the Arthurian legends. He was born at Schwedt, studied law, and entered the judicial service at Magdeburg. His valualile studies in his special field, published under the pseudonym San Marte, include a version of the "Parzival" in Leben und Dichten ^Yolframs von Eschcnbach (1836-41), Die Arthnrsage (1842). Xcnnius nnd Gildns (1844). Beitriigc zur bretonischen und keltisch- germanischen Beldensage (1847), and Riick- blicke anf Dichtungen und Sagen des deutschen Mittelaltcrs (1872)". SCHULZ, .ToHANN Abraham Peter (1747- 1800). A German composer, born at LUneburg. He studied with Kirnberger at Berlin, taught there, and became musical director at the French theatre in 1770. holding the appointment for two years. In 1780 he became Kapellmeister to Prince Heinrich at Rheinsberg and afterwards