Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/734

* SCHOPENHAITEB. 66-i SCHORLEMMER. gdiui :iiHi sciilnl ill Kraiikfiirt-cm-tlicMiUii, wlicro 111' spent inuii.v years in morose seclusion. Ue still worked in "elaboration of his system, and published Leber den Willen in der Xatur (1836), Die beiden Uruiidproblcme der Elhik (1841), and I'arcrgii iiiid I'lirtilipomena (1851). The last few years of his life were made happy for him by the homage of his admirers, and b- the ealiii "which had come to his passion- ate niilnre with advanciiif; years. He died in 1800. and the fame he luid vainly longed for in life soon gathered around his meiiioiy. By teiu- peraiiient moody and despondent, irritable in temper, and violent in jiassions. he was well en- dowed to seize just those aspects of life which are the elements of a pessimistic philosophy. But the value of Schopenhauer's philosophy cannot be measured by any such method of personal criti- cism. His jysteni, set forth in a literary form that, in the "field of philosophy, has never been surpassed unless by Plato at his best, and based on iiiarvellnus insight into the realities of life, falling in also with the disappointed mood of the age, has gained an acceptance that is, perhaps, greater than its real value warrants. Yet it has an abiding worth as emphasizing elements which a too optimistic philosophy did not sufficiently consider. The profound tragedy of life, the very real evil of the world, which is so fundamental a part of all great philosophies and religions, is ever present in his thought, though without sufficient balance. In this his thought is akin to that of the ancient Hindu philosophies, with which he felt himself in close harmony, believing that he had accomplished a synthesis of their in- sight with Kantian thought. With him the tragedy of lifes arises from the very nature of the underlying source of all existence, which is will, not intelligence — will, not in the ordinary sense of choice, liut in the sense of activity, energ.v, impulse. This is not rational, since impulse is prior to reason. In its caprice (essentially in- capable of reasoned action ), it makes reason to be. Thus it is not reason that goes out into reali- zation of itself in the world of persons and things, but impulse, which happens to realize itself in intelligence. Reason, thus, can never understand its own profounder source, since it is more and other than reason — is essentially ir- rational. It may modify impulse, may by resig- nation deny the will-to-live. The supreme wis- dom of life is, therefore, what it has been (with differences) to such mystics as Thomas a Kempis and (iautama — resignation. This conception of the source of all life in will came to Schopen- Irauer through clear insight into the very nature of consciousness as essentially impulsive. His metaphysics is thus empirical, based on experience, arrived at by induction. As such, it furnishes a ground of reconciliation for elements realistic and idealistic which were before separated, even for science and metaphysics. A clearer and still deeper insight into consciousness, based on a healthier temperament, a less violent nature, a more regular life, using Schopenhauer's method, may (as it has never been done before) compre- hend reason and impulse as equally fundamental elements in consciousness, or as equal aspects of the one underlying source of all things. Only a brief word can be given to Schopenhauer's great influence on art. The restlessness of desire — longing, hoping, toiling — comes upon peace of a certain sort in artistic contemplation. This is the controlling thought in Wagner's music: and music more than aught else reveals will to us, man's inmost jiature. Restless movement, flow of changing passions, and unaccountable yearnings can lie uttered adequately by music alone of the arts; and it is for this reason that music has been called the supreme art. His complete works were edited bv Frauen- stadt (Leipzig, 1873-74; .3d ed. 1891) ;" by Grise- bach (ib., 1891), and also by Warschauer (Ber- lin, 1891). Grisebach also published Schopen- hauer's HuiidschriftUcher Sachlass (Leipzig, 1801-93). Many of his works have been trans- lated into English. Of these may be mentioned The Art of Literature (New Yo'rk, 1891); A'c- ligion, a Dialogue, and Other Essays (London, 1889); Selected Essays (ib,, 1891); Studies in I'essimism (ib,, 1891) ; TitoEssays: On the four- fold Hoot of the Prineiple of Su/ficient Reason; On the Mill in 'Mature (ib,, 1889) ; The Wisdom of Life (New York, 1891) ; Counsels and Maxims, trans, by Saunders (ib,, 1891); The li'orW as Will and Idea (London, 1883), For his life, con- sult Wallace (London, 1890), Zimmern (ib,, 1876), Gwinner (Leipzig, 1878), Kuno Fischer (Heidelberg, 1897), Grisebach (Berlin, 1897), and Volkeir (Stuttgart, 1900), For exposition and criticism of the various aspects of his philosophy, Caldwell, Schopenhauer's System in Its Phil- osophical Significance (New Y'ork, 1890) ; C'ol- vin, Schopenhauer's Doctrine of the Thin<i-in-it- self (Providence, 1897); Damm, SchopenJiain-rs Ethik (Annaberg. 1898) ; Lehmann, Schopen- haiier (Berlin, 1894) ; Lorenz, Zur Entwicke- lungsgeschichte der Metaphysik Schopenhauers (Leipzig, 1897) ; Mayer, Schopenhauers Aesthetik (Halle, 1897), See Pessimism; Philosophy, SCHOPENHAUER, .Johanna (1706-1838), A German author and mother of the philosoplier Arthur Schopenhauer, She was born at Danzig, At the age of twenty-seven she married the banker Heinrich Schopenhauer, and during the lifetime of her husband she spent much time in travel. After his death she lived for a time in Weimar, where she gathered about her a bril- liant circle of remarkable persons, among whom were Wieland and Goethe, Afterwards she lived in Bonn and then in Jena, She wrote novels and descriptions of travel, Oabriele (1819) is considered her best book. Her complete works were published at Leipzig in 1830-31 in twenty four volumes, SCHORLEMMER, shor'lem-mer, Carl (1834- 92), A German-English chemist, born at Darm- stadt. He was educated at Darmstadt and at the University of Giessen. In 1859 he went to Owens College, Manchester, and there he was made as- sistant in chemistry in 1861, and professor of organic cliemistry in 1874. His chief contribution to chemistry is in connection with the simplest compounds of organic chemistry, viz. the com- pounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Schorlemmer was the first to deiiionstrate by exiieriment that no compounds which would have contradicted the structural theory are reallyj capable of existence; and thus he cleared the' way for the introduction of one of the most useful theories of modern science. His publica- tions include: A Manual of the Chemistry of Carbon Cimipounds. or Organic Chemistry (Ger- man and English. 1874) : a voluminous System- atic Treatise on Chemistry (written jointly with