Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/722

* SCHNITZEB. 652 SCHOLASTICISM. SCHNITZEB, shiiits'er, Eduabd. A German tniv.lir. Sco Kmin I'AsllA. SCHNITZLEB, slinits'ler, .Iohann (1835- 93). An Aiisliiau pliysiuiau, fumed as a pul- monary specialist, Ixirn at Gross-Kanisza, Hun- gary, and I'ducatoil at Budajjest and Vienna. He was assistant in Oppolzer's clinic from 1803 to 1807, and in 1878 became professor in the Uni- versity of Vienna. He was the principal founder of the Vienna polyclinic. He wrote: J'lieu- malische Behundluiuj dcr Lungen- und Ucrzkrunk- hiitcit (1875): Diagnose und Thciapie der Largngo- und Tracheostenosen (1877); and Luniii'nxiipliilii "'"' ''"■ Verluiltnis zur Lung- ensrhui'iidamhl (ISSO). SCHNORB VON CAROLSFELD, shnor fun kii'r.'.ls ir-lt. .Iri.n s ( 17'.I4-1872) . A German his- torical and relif^ious jjainter. He was born at Leipzig', where he received his first instruction from his father, the painter Johann Veit Sclmorr (1764-1841). He afterwards studied in the Acad- emy at 'irnna. from which he seceded with the group of iiainters headed by Overbeck, going to Rome in 1815. (See Pre-Raphaelite.s.) His share in their joint commission tn decorate the ViHa Massimi was a fresco of Orlando Furioso — his princijial work at Rome. In 1827 he was ap- pointed i)rofessor in the Academy of Munich and commissioned by King Louis I. to decorate five rooms of tlio Kiinigsbau with frescoes from the Nibelungenlied. and three rooms in that part of the royal pa", icc called the Festsaalbau with encaustic paintings of subjects from the history- of Charlemagne, Frederick Barbarossa, and Rudolph of Habsburg. In 1846 he was made professor in the Academy and director of the picture gallery at Dresden. Schnorr's painting shows the general char- acteristics of the Nazarite Brotherhood (see Overueck; Pre-raphaelites), except that it is less extreme, both in spirit and technical methods. His Bibel in Bildern, an admirable work, enjoyed wide popularity. His principal easel paintings include the "Alms of Saint Roche" (Leipzig, Museum), and the "Family of .John the Baptist Visiting the Family of Christ" (Dresden Gal- lery). Consult Valentin, in Dohme, Kiinst nnd KihiKtlrr drx XIX. Jahrhunderts (Leipzig, 1882). SCHNORB VON CABOLSFELD, Ludwig Ferdinand (1789-1853). A German painter, born at Leipzig, brother of the preceding. He studied at the Vienna Academy, of which he be- came a memljer in 1835, and was appointed cus- todian of the Belvedere Gallery in 1841. His works include "The Erl-King" (1821, Ferdi- nandeum. Innsbruck) ; "The Liberation of Peter" (1836. Dresden Museum) ; and "Christ Feeding the Four Thousand" (1839, ib.). SCHOELCHEB, shel'shar', ViCTOK (1804-93). A French politician, born in Paris. He is chief- ly known as an advocate of the abolition of slav-. erv in the French colonies. With a view to study- ing all the aspects of the question, he traveled in Mexico, Cuba, and the United States in 1829. In 1848, as Under-Secretary for the Navy, he se- cured the passage of a law abolishing slavery in the French colonies. He was a member of the Constituent Assembly and of the National As- sembly from 1848 to 1850 and voted with the Extreme Left. Expelled from France after the coup d'etat of December 2. 1851. he remained in England till the fall of the Second Empire, when he returned to France, and during the siege of Paris commanded the artillery of the National Guard. Among his writings are an English Life of Handel (1857) ; Des colonies [ruiif-aises, Aho- lilion immediate de I'esclavage (1842); Im feu- mille, la propriite et le christianisme (1837) ; Le vrai Saint-lhml (1879); and Vie de Toussainl Loiircrture (1889). SCHOFFEB, shef'er, Peter (c.l425-e.l503). An early German printer. He W'as born at Gerns- heim, and in early life was a copyist in Paris. About 1450 he became an assistant in the print- ing establishment of Gutenberg and Fu.st, at Mainz. After the retirement of the former, he became Fust's partner, and with him printed the Psalter (1457). He is said to have intro- duced many improvements in the art of print- ing, but his claim to the discovery of the method of casting metal types is not generall}' recog- nized. He married the daughter of Fust. SCHOFIELD, sko'feld, .John McAllister (18.'51 — ). All American soldier, born in Chau- tauqua County, N. Y. He graduated at West Point in 1853; was assistant professor of natu- ral and experimental philosophy there from 1855 to 1860, and was then for a time professor of physics at Washington University. Saint Louis, ilo. On the breaking out of the Civil War he became major of the First Missouri Volunteers, served as chief of staff for General Lyon during the operations in Missouri, and took part in the battles of Dug Spring and Wilson's Creek. Afterwards as brigadier-general of vol- unteers he commanded the State troops and the district of Saint Louis, until placed in command of the Army of the Frontier in 1802. In November, 1862, he was promoted to the rank of major- general of volunteers. In 1864 he was assigned to the command of the Army of the Ohio. In Sherman's campaign in Georgia he commanded the Twenty-third Corps. Ho received his ap- pointment as brigadier-general in the Regular Army for his services at the battle of Frank- lin (q.v. ), November 30, 1804. in which he de- feated the Confederates under General Hood. With his command he was transferred to North Carolina, and was appointed to the command of that department. On February 22. 1865. he occu- pied Wilmington, fought the battle of Kinston March 8-lOth. and joined Sherman at Goldsboro, March 22. 1865. He was Secretary of War ad interim from May, 1868, to March, 1869; was then placed in command successively of the Department of the Missouri and of the Di- vision of the Pacific. In July, 1876, he was appointed superintendent of the U'nited States Military Academy, and from 1882 to 1883 had command of the military division of the Pacific. He then commanded successively the divisions of the Missouri and of the Atlantic, and was Com- manding General of the LTnited States Army from 1888 to 1895, when he retired with the rank nf lieutenant-general. He published Forty-six Years in the Army (New York, 1897). SCHOLASTICISM (from Lat. schohsticus, Gk. crxoXaariK^s, ncJioldstikos. relating to school, learned, from ffxoXi?, scholc. learning, leisure, school). A term applied in its commonest ac- ceptation to the teaching of those who devoted themselves in the mediaeval schools to the sci- ences especially philosophy and theologv'. Not onlv the latter branches, however, but the whole