Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/712

* SCHLEICHER. 612 SCHLEIERMACHER. Zur verglcichcmhn Sprachyischichte (ISiS) ; Vie in Pomerania, whore lie puMislRa Ins Onina- Spnwhen furoims (1850); Die Daniinschc linien cuter hritik dvr bishcngcn Sittnilchrc. IfoT Jluoric iind iiic iii>r,u'l,uisscnschaft, in which he the next two veins he was profess.ir exliaor- enunciated the so-ealled ^s7<i;« m 6<im hi //leoric of the dinaiy ami university preaclier at Halle, where orifiin of dialeels (see I'lULOi.ouY) (18H3; ad ed. 1873) : Leber die Uedeulun<i der Upraclie fiir die yuliirneschichte des Mcnxelwn (18G5): Formen- lehre dcr kirclieiiHliiieisclieH tiprtichc {It^'t'.i) ; an edition of the Lithuanian poems of Christian Donalcilis (18(15); and the |)osthuiiious Jjaiit- mid Fonnoilekrc der polabischcn Sprache (1871). Conijult Lefmann, August Schleicher (Leipzig, 1870). SCHLEIDEN, shli'dcn, ^MAi-riiiAS .Jakob (IKOl-Sl). A ('erman botanist, born at Haiii- Inirj;. After beginning a course of law at Heidelberg, he turned liis attention to nat- ural history and studied for several years at the universities of (iJittingen and lierlin. In 1839 he became a professor of botany at Jenii. There he remained until 18(3. and after a brief residence at Dresden became in 1804 pro- fessor of botanical chemistry and anthropology at the University of Dorpat. This position he held for little more tluui a year, when he settled again in Dresden and devoted himself to private re- search and authorship. His most important work was his flrundziigc der Wi.isenschaftlichen liotnnil: (2 vols., 1S42, 4th ed. 1862), in which he emphasized the inductive method of botani cal research, and sharply attacked the hazy philo he began the publication of his translation of Plato, a work which gave him an assured posi- tion among classical scholars. Here also he wrote a criti(-al essay on First Timothy, rejecting the Pauline authorship, chielly on the basis of internal evidence. In 180!) he took U|) his perma- nent resi<lcucc in Berlin, where he became pastor of the Dreifaltiykeitskirvhc and proft'ssur at the newly founded university. As a member of the Academy of Sciences, he was brought into asso- ciation with De Wette, Niebuhr, ami many other eminent men. His influence over the Protestant Church for a quarter of a century was most marked, and he may almost be said to have dominated contemporary German theology. At the third centennial anniversary of the Protestant Reformaticm (1817), Schleier- machcr took an active part in promoting the union of Lutlieran and Reformed churches, a step toward ecclesiastical comprehension wliieh ac- corded well with his convictions of what the Christian Churcli should be. His Kurze Darstel- lung dcs thcologischen •Studiums (1811) was an important contribution to that subject, and proved of great value in rightly directing the development of theological education in Germany. Probably the most important of all Schleier- maeher's writings was his treatise on Christian sophical treatment of morphological questions, faith, commonly cited under the name Ghnibe Among his other works were: Beitriige zur Bo tnnik (1844); Stxidien, populiire Vortrage (1857); Die Londenge ron .Vi/cs (1858); Zur Theorie des Erkennens durch den Grsichtsinn (1861) ; Die PfJanze vnd ihr hehe.n (1864) ; Fiir Baum vud Vald (1870) ; Die Rose (1873) ; Das Halz (1875) ; Die Romantik des Martyriuins bet den Judni im Mittclnlter (1878); Das Meer (1887). SCHLEIERMACHER, shliVr-mitK'er, Fried- rich Krnst Da.nikl ( 1768-1834). A CJerman theo- logian and philosopher, born in Breslau. Strong religious influences were brought to bear upon the bo.v, not only at home, but also at the iloravian schools in Niesky and Barby, where he spent four lehre ( 1821 ; 3d ed. 1835), one of the truly great theological systems of history. For insight, grasp, and power of presentation, it has proper- ly been compared with the works of Origen and Calvin, Init in its general point of view it re- sembles the former far more than the latter. The Grundriss dcr philosophischcn Eihik was pub- lished posthumouslv by his pupil Twesten (1841). The works and teaching of Schleiermacher mark an epoch in the history of Christian thought. He restored religion to its place as a normal and necessary element of himian nature, by pointing out a neglected factor, feeling. Ra- tionalistic morals had for a long time usurped years (1 783-87 )." He spent two years (1787-89) at ^}^f P'-'™ whi'^'i religion ought to occupy, but had the University ot Halle, after which he became private tutor. In 1794 he was ordained to tlie ministry and became assistant to a clerg^mian at Landsberg. In 1796 he was appointed chaplain at the Charite Hospital in Berlin, where lie contin- ued for six years. He was on terms of intimate friendship with the Romanticists, especially Schlegel, and he sympathized with many of their tastes and aims, yet with a profound convic- tion of the necessity of religion, which they did not share. His first important literary work, TJeber die Religion, five discourses upon religion (1799), was designed to vindicate the claims of religion to the attention and re- spect of the cultivated. In the discourses one can trace a pantheistic tendency, derived from Spinoza, a philosopher whom Schleiermacher greatly admired. The Monologc were publislied in 1800. and exhibit the influence of Fichte's subjeetive idealism. The first collection of Schleiemiacher's sermons appeared in 1801, fol- lowed later by several other collections, all of which had a wide circulation. From 1802 to 1804 left men dissatisfied. Schleiermacher recalled them to their rightful spiritual privile,ges. In- deed, in his analysis of religion, he over-em- phasized the truth he had rediscovered, making religion consist essentially in a 'feeling of abso- lute dependence.' The subjective character of his theology laid him open to severe criticism from the orthodox side, yet so genuine was his religious faith, and so central was the place of Christ in his teaching, that he escaped ecclesias- tical censure. His influence has been strongly felt in Great Britain and America. Schleier- macher's fiiimmtliehc Wcrkc. in 30 vols., appeared at Berlin in 1835-64. Selected Sermons, trans- lated by M. F. Wilson, was published in London, 1890; Speeches (Reden), translated by .John Oman, in London, 1893. Consult: The' Life of Schleicrmneher, translated by Row'an (Lon- don, 1860) ; Dorner. Uistori/ of Protestant Theol- ogy (Eng. trans., Edinburgh, 1871) : Lichtenberg- er. History of German Theolog:/ in the Nineteenth Centnry (Eng. trans., ib., '1889) ; Frank, Ge- schichte und Kriiik der neueren Theologie (2d ed.. Schleiermacher was Court preacher at Stolpe, Erlangen, 1895) ; Plleiderer, Protestant Theologif