Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/700

* SCHEINER. 632 SCHELLING. Swnbia. He wns piofi'ssor of Holircw nml iiiathc- matios nt Freiburg, and from 1010 to 101 1> at In- golstadt, and after several years in Rome boeanie rcetor of the Jesuit College of Neissc in Silesia. In his Trcs KpistohF ad Mnrcum Vclserum (1012), Seheiner claimed to have seen sun spots as early as March, 1011. and thus aroused tiie enmity of Galileo, whom Seheiner further provoked by uj)- holding the old thesis of a -stable' eartli and a 'mobile' sun (1051). His great work on the sun, containing the results of about two thousand ob- servations (made with an e(]uatorial telescope of the type now called Sisson's). was the Rosa I'rsiini (1030). Seheiner invented a helioscope and a pantogra])li. SCHEINER, .IrLirs (1S58— ). A German ashonomer. born in Cohjgne and educated at Bonn. He beoame assistant at the astrophysical observatory in Potsdam in 1887 and its observer- in-ehief in 18!>S, three years after his appoint- ment to the chair of astrophysics in the Univer- sity of Berlin. Seheiner paid special attention to celestial photography and wrote Der Lichticech- sel Alijolx (1882), Spehtralanalyse der Oestirne (1890), Austiic.ssiDifi dFs Orionnebels nach plioto- (iraphischrn Aiifiiohmen (1890), S trahfu ii g iind Temprniltir drr .S'oiuir (1899), and Bau des Weltiillf! (1901). In 1899 he began the publica- tion of the Photoftraphixche Himmelskarte, Zone + .ir bis + J,0°' Deklination. SCHELDT, skelt (Dutch Schelde, Fr. Es- caut). A river of Belgium. It rises in France in the Department of Aisne and flows first north past Valenciennes into Belgium, then northeast past Ghent to Antwerp, below which eity it empties into the large, branching estuary which merges with the Rhine delta and opens by several wide channels into the North Sea through Southwestern Holland (ilap: Belgium, C 3). Its total length is 207 miles, and it is navigable 210 miles, while below Antwerp it is accessible to the largest ships. A system of canals connects it with the chief cities of Belgium and Northern France. The Dutch monopolized the navigation of the lower Scheldt, and levied a toll on foreign vessels until the river was made free bv the Treaty of Brussels in 1863. SCHELLING, shel'ling, Friedrich Wn.HELM Joseph von (1775-1854). A German philosopher. He was the son of a country clergyman, and was born at Leonlierg. in Wiirttemberg. He studied at Tubingen and Leipzig, and in 1798 was called to be professor extraordinarius in Jena. Here he found himself in a remarkable social and literary circle, comprising among others the brothers Schlegel with their wives. Tieck, SteflFens, and Novalis. With Goethe, too. he was on good temis, while Schiller's philosophical views re- pelled him. Schelling's philosophical tendencies had been originally determined by Fichte: in fact, he was at first an enthusiastic advocate of the Fiehtean idealism, and his earliest writings, XJeber die Mofjlich'keit einer Form der Philoso- pliie iiberhaupt (1795), and Vom Ich ah Prwcip der Philosnphie (1795), were composed in this spirit. Gradually, however, Sehelling diverged from his master, who soon came to seem to him one-sided. The first result of his departure from Fichte's view was the once famous IdcntHiits- philosophie, which attempted to show that 'sub- ject' and 'objeet,' the 'ideal' and the 'real' are completely undifferentiated in the absolute, and that in nature there is a preponderance of the objective, wliile in consciousness there is a pre- ponderance of the subjective. The 'philosophy of identity' reminds one of Spinozism (see Spi.noza) in maintaining a featureless ground of all exist- ence. It differs from Spinozism in regartling the subjectives and the objectives as everywliere ])res- ent together in the phenomenal world, but with varying preponderance of the two elements. The principal works in which this view is more or less completely developed are : Ideen zti. einer Phi- losophie der Xatur (1797); T'ofi der Wcltseele (1798) ; Erster Enticurf eines Systems der Xa- tiirphilosophie (1799); and Si/stem des trans- cendentalen Idealismus (1800). In 1803 he was called to Wiirzburg as professor of philosopliy. Here his views underwent another change. He gave up the philosophy of 'identity.' and began to champion a mystical view, according to which all finitude is the result of a fall from the abso- lute — a fall the effects of which the course of history has to repair. This theory is first broached in Philosophie und lieiigion (1804). In his later works, Philosophische XJ ntersiichungen ilber das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit (1809), Denkmal der Schrift Jaeobis von den (fottUchen Dingen (1812), and Ueber die Gott- heiten von Samothrake (I8I5), he became more and more theosophical. He was now strongly under the influence of Bruno (q.v. ) and BJihme (q.v.), and maintained that within the absolute there is a dark irrational ground, which gradu- ally becomes clarified, thus giving development to the idea of God. Meanwhile, in 1800, he had gone to Munich as member of the Academy of Arts. From 1820 to 1826 he lectured at Erlangen. In 1827 he was elected professor at the newly estab- lished University of Munich, and fourteen years later he went to Berlin as member of the Acad- emy of Science. This position carried with it the privilege of lecturing in the University of Berlin. BetAveen 1815 and 1842 Sehelling "pub- lished only two minor jiroductions. This was due to the fact that a most formidable adversary to him had arisen in his old college friend Hegel (q.v.), who. though older, had at first been an ardent disciple of Schelling's. During the reign of Hegel in the world of German philosophy Sehelling preserved a silence M'hieh was not broken till 1834, three years after Hegel's death; then he wrote a preface to Becker's translation of one of Cousin's writings. In tliis preface he criticised Hegel's views as being too exclusively idealistic and as giving no recognition to the empirical side of reality. He died at the baths of Ragatz, in Switzerland, August 20, 1854. Schelling's complete works, were published by his son K. F. A. Sehelling (Stuttgart and Augs- burg. 1856. et seq. ). The second part contains his Berlin lectures. For Schelling's life, see Plitt, Ai.is Schellings Leben in Brief en (Leipzig, 1869- 70). Kuno Fischer, in the 6th volume of his Geschichte der neuern Philosophie, gives a full biography in addition to an account of liis philos- ophv. See also Watson,. S'c/i t/(i/i(/'s7""-'"'i'/''"'"'- Idealisin (Chicago, 1883); A. Seth ( Pringle Pat- tison). The Development from Kant to Hegel (London. 1882) : Koeber, Die flrundprineipien der SelieUingschen Xatitrphilosophie (Berlin. 1882) ; Groos, Die reine Vernunftirissenschaft (Heidel- berg, 1889) ; also the histories of philosophy by Ueberweg-Heinze, Hiiffding, Windelband, and Bergmann.