Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/70

* RESERVED CASES. OeschUhte dcr papstlichen liescrvaifille (Regens- burj,'. IStiS). RESERVOIR. See Dams and Eeseevoiks; Wateu-W'ouks. RESHID PASHA, re-shed' pa-shii', Mus- TAiMiA Meiiemet (1802-58). A Turkisli states- iiiaii. ami long the chief ot the Party of Progress in Turkey. He was born at Constantinople. In lS;i:! h'e negotiated the Treaty of Kvitaia with Jleheniet Ali (q.v.), the rebellious Viceroy of Egypt. He subsequently represented Turkey at ' the courts of Great Britain and Frince, but was recalled in 1837, and made Foreign Minister. In this ollice he aided the Sultan Mahmud II. in carrying out his plans for the reform of the ad- ministration ; but the Old Turkish Party forced him out of his ofiice before the close of 1838. -After this he was sent as envoy to London. Ber- lin, and Paris. On the death of Mahmud II., in 1839, when the Ottoman throne was tottering 'under a fresh onslaught by Mehemet Ali, Reshid Pasha was again called to take charge of the For- eign OfTice by the mother of the young Sultan, Abd-ul Med j id. He succeeded, after a debate in council of three days' duration, in obtaining the hatti sherif (q.v.) of Gulhane (November 3, 1830), a constitutional charter w-hich, however, soon became a dead letter. His foreign diplo- macy checked IMehemet All in Syria through the intervention of the Quadruple Alliance (Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia), but a seraglio intrigue led to his dismissal. From 1841 to 1845 he was the Turkish represen- tative at the French Court. In 1845 he was once more made Foreign Minister, and in 1846 he was appointed Grand Vizier. He was repeatedly de- posed, and almost immediately recalled, according as the anti-reform party gained or lost the favor of the Sultan; but the complications with Russia which arose in ISS,"* threw the anti-re- formers into discredit, and Reshid Pasha, more powerful than ever, was again recalled to the direction of foreign affairs. In 1855 he again retired from oHice, which he did not resume till after the Peace of Paris. RESHT, resht. The capital of the Province of Ghilan, Persia, situated near the south- west shore of the Caspian Sea, 150 miles northwest of Teheran (Map: Persia, C. 3). The houses are tiled and neatly built, and the streets are paved. Water is supplied by an aque- duct. There are a vast ruined palace, numerous caravansaries, large bazaars, and about 1200 shops and warehouses. Indian wares are import- ed frimi Balfrush in Mazanderan, and European manufactures from Russian Armenia. Resht is the chief entrepot tor the Persian silk trade. Ex- tensive manufactures of shawls and carpets are carried on, Popiilation, about 40,000, Enzeli, the port of Resht, on the Caspian Sea, about 18 miles disfnnt, has 1500 inh.abitants. RESICZABANYA, re'shits-o-biln'yo, A min- ing town in the County of Krasso-Szor^ny, Hun- gary, about 50 miles southeast of Temesvflr. There are extensive iron and coal mines and iron works in the vicinity. Population, in 1900, 11,770, RESIDENCE (ML, residentia, from Lat, resi- dere, to reside, remain, from re-, back -|- sedcre, to sit; connected with Gk. (^cadat, hezesthai, OChurch Slav, sesti, Skt. sad, Goth, sitan, OHG, sizzen, Ger. sitzen, AS. sittan, Eng. sit) . The ,->4 RESIDUAL ROCKS. obligation to perform in person the duties of a- benetice whose revenue was enjoyed. It was early a complaint that this obligation was violated. The Council of Sardica (347) in its twelfth canon enjoined upon bishops and in the sixteenth upon presbyters the duty of continuous service in their proper residence. The evil continued through the centuries. In Reformation times it was a re- proach that non-resident holders of benefices were so common, owing to the custom of ])lu- ralities. The Council of Trent endeavored to remedy the evil by providing in its 23d and 24th sessions, that no prelate should absent himself from his diocese more than three months, exceiJt for urgent cause. In present practice in the Roman Catholic Church parish priests can- not be absent longer than one week from their cure, except with the permission of the bishop. RESIDUAL ROCKS (from Lat. residuum, remainder, from residcre, to reside, remain). Rocks which have been produced through the decomposition and disintegration of rocks be- longing to any of the larger divisions; viz. sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphie rocks. The agents which bring about these changes are in part chemical and in part physical. The active agents of chemical change at the surface of the earth are oxygen, water, and carbonic acid, all of which exist in the atmosphere and in the waters which percolate within and near the earth's surface, and the changes which they bring about are chiefly oxidation, hydration, and car- bonization. The new minerals which are de- veloped by these processes may be said to be in general lighter in weight (more bulky) and more soluble than the minerals out of which they have been formed. They are also as a class softer, and possess for the most part a fibrous or scaly texture. Particularly due to the change in vol- ume which this recrj-stallization involves, <a physical force is brought into play which opens fractures in the rock and permits of its solution and disintegration. The more soluble constituents of the rock are taken in solution and removed, while the less soluble materials remain as a more or less incoherent mass constituting the residual rock type. The residue from rocks of igneous and generally granitic types has been given various names such as 'waste,' 'geest,' 'Gruss,' etc. In unglaciated regions residual rocks of this type occasionally possess their original textures, lacking only the compactness characteristic of those types. Where situ!)ted on .steep slopes the upper portions of the dejmsit of waste will by the force of gravitation slide 'dovn toward the valley, a process which is described as 'creep,' In glaciated regions, on the contrary, the surface layers of waste have been carried away by the ice mantle and the hard underlying rock has usually also been planed down. The comparative recency of the glacial epochs in a geological sense tlius furnishes a certain measure of the time necessary to decom- pose and disintegrate compact rock masses. The final product of decomposition and disintegration of granitic rocks is a fine clay or kaolin, and this has been the source of the great deposits of porce- lain elay throughout the world. Before this final stage of the alteration has been reached the residual rock has ti,sially the structural pecul- iarities of a coarser or finer sand, and thus we have the residual sand of granite, etc. Galea- I