Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/697

* SCHANDORPH. 62U SCHARWENKA. powers of observation. One of his best novels is timuafolk (18811), the story of a peasant girl beset by the temptations of a large city. His other works include Udeu Midlpunlct "(1878), Thomas Fris' Hixtoiie (18S1), ISkorfagedv.i bonicnc (1884), Oct yumk- ujiotlick (1885). Fiti Isle de France or) fra tiorij (1888), and SliUetius Folk- (1892). SCHANZ, shiints, Georo (185.3—). A Ger- man r<Hii(imist, born in Grossliardorf and edu- cated in -.Munich, Wiirzburg, and .Strasslmrg. He was employed in the Statistical Hureau in Munich, became professor at Krlangcn in 1880. and in 1882 was called to the chair of economies in Wiirzburg. In 1884 he became editor of the Finan::archir, and it is with finance and the history of commerce that his works especially deal. He wrote: Die deiitselieii (IcKellenverbunde (1877) ; Englisclic Uandchiiulilik yeyen Ende dcs Mittelalters (1881); Beltriigc ziir Frage der Arbcilsloxciircrsicheruiig ( 1895-1902). SCHANZ, Martijj VON (1842—). A German classical jiliilolonist, born at Uechtelhausen. in Bavaria. In 1875 he became profes.sor of classi- cal pliilology in the University of Wiirzburg. His studies were chiefly directed to Plato, historical Greek syntax, and the history of Itoman litera- ture. His most important pnldished works are: lieitriir/e :iir vorsokratiselicn I'liilasopliic (1807) ; titiidiidH ziir Gcschichte dcs I'lalunischen Textes (1874) : Plafonis Oiiera (1st critical ed. 1874) ; and numerous editions of separate dialogues. After 1882 he edited Beitriige xur historischen Syntax dcr griechisehen Sprache. His liomische Litteratiirgcscliiclite (1898. et seq.) is important for its comprehensive survey of every field, its objectivity and impartiality, and the excellence of its cliaracterizations. SCHAPER, sha'pei'- Fritz (1841 — ). A Ger- man sc ilptor, born at Alsleben, Prussian Saxony; pupil of the Berlin Academy and of Albert WollV; instructor at the academy in 1875-90 and elected ;x member of it in 1880. Besides some figures for the "War Monument" at Halle, he produced the statues of Bismarck (1879) and Jloltke (1881, both at Cologne), Gauss (1880. Brunswick), Lessing (1881,'Hainburg), Krupp ( 1889, Essen) , Liebig (1890, Giesscn), Bliicher (1893, Caub), the monuments to Goethe (1880, Berlin) and Luther ( 1S90, Erfurt); the equestrian statue of William I. (1001. Aix-la-Chapelle) ; and an heroic-size '"Victory" (1885, Arsenal, Berlin). To the adornment of Sieges-Alice in Berlin lie contributed the statue of the Great Elcctcir (1901 I. SCHARF, sb-irf, .Toiix Thomas (184,3-98). An American antiquai-y and historian, born in Baltimore. Md. He served in both the Confederate army and navy, was several times wounded, and once narrowly escaped being put to death as a spy. Later he engaged in journalism and in Baltimore was at different times editor of the Evening yens. I^nnday Telegram, and Morning Berald. He devoted much attention to history, and made a collection of many thousands of doc- uments, pamphlets, and other historical ma- terial, which be gave in 1S91 to .Tohiis Hopkins T'nivcrsitv. His publicalidiis include: Ctirnniclcs of Hal I i more (1874); History of Maryhind (3 vols.. 1879-80) ; History of fiallimore City and County (1881) ; History of ^'estern Maryland (2 vols., 1882); History of Philadelphia (3 vols., 1884) ; History of the Confederate Utalc Xavy (1887) ; and History of Velauare (1888). SCHARNHORST, shih ii'hflrst, Geuhari) ,To- llA.N.x Dami) mix (1755-1813). A Prussian gen- eral, founder of the modern Prussian military .system. He was born in Hanover. He entered the military service of his native State in 1778, was teacher in the artillery school of Hanover about 1780, and was engaged in the campaigns in Flanders in 1793-95, Hi 1801 he was called into the Prussian service and beeanie director of the Prussian military school. He served in the licld in the disastrous campaigns of 180((07, and w;is then made president of the eomiiiis.sion charged with the reorganization of the Prussian army and head of the War Hcpartnieiit. Work- ing in harmony with the other regeneratois who came to Prussia in her need, he accomplished this in spite of the distru.st and opposition of the old-time Prussians. Universal .service was not secured until his death, but he laid down the principles and prepared the way for its adoption. Enrollments of foreigners were abolished, corporal punishments were limited to llagrant cases of insubordination. |uoiiiotion for merit was established, and the mililaiy adminis- tration organized and simplilied. The organiza- tion of the Landuehr or leserve was begun. So proniptl_v were the results of this work seen that the Prussian ai-my, which had been so inelleclive before Tilsit, was able to play an important part in the final campaigns against Napoleon. Scharnhorst was wounded in the batlle at Gross- gcirschen Jlay 2, 1813, and died at Prague .June 28th. Consult his biograpliy by Klippd (3 vols., Leipzig, 1809-71), which is devoted espe- cially to his reforms and their results. SCHARWENKA, shar-ven'ka. Piiiupp (1847 — ). A (Jcrmaii pianist and composer, born in Samter, Posen, and brother of Xaver Scbarwenka. He was educated at the Posen (jyinnasium, and in 1805 was enrolled as a pupil of the Kullak 'Neue Akadcinie der Tonkunst' in Berlin, where he was a special pupil of Wiirst and H. Dorn. Hi 1870-81 he taught theory and composition at the academy and then took up a similar position at his brother's con- servatory. His compositions are regarded highly and include many eharming numbers for orchestra, pianoforte, violin, "ecllo, and vnice; the choral works, Uerbstfeier Op. 44, and Sakun- tula, for solo and orchestra; two syin])bonies; .1 rkadische Suite ; and a festival overture, Dorper- 7V(H:»ri.sT, for chorus and pianoforte. SCHARWENKA, Xaver (18.50-). A Ger- man composer and pianist, born at Sander. He was educated at Kullak's Academy in Berlin under Kullak and Wiirst. Hi 1874 he be- gan a series of very successful tours through- out Europe and America, and in 1881 he established his conservatory in Berlin. Ten years later be removed to New York City and became director of the Scharwenka Con- servatory there. His Berlin school meanwhile amalgamated with that of Karl Kliiidworlh. and in 1898 he returned to Germany and assumed charge of the Klindwortb-Sebarwenka Conserva- tory. His works include the o])era Matasinntha (1890), a symphony in C minor, and consider- able chamber and pianoforte •music. Perhaps