Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/685

* SCAMMONY. 617 SCANDINAVIAN MUSIC. ndniiralile purgative. Anotlicr popular form for the administration of jscammoiiy is the com- pound ponder of sva 111)110)11/, coiiii)osi'd of scam- mony, jalap, and ginger. .Scjunmony is fre- quently given surreptitiously in the form of biscuit to children troubled with threadworms. .Scanunony is derived from Convolvulus seam- nionia (natural order Convo!vulaee;e), growing in Asia Minor, in Cireece. and in tlie south of Rus- sia. It is a perennial, with a thii-k. lleshy, taper- ing root 3 to 4 feet long, and 3 to 4 inches in di- ameter, which sends up several smooth, slender, twining stems, with leaves shaped like arrow- heads, on long stalks. All parts eontain a milky juice. The scamniony plant is not cultivated, but the drug is collected from it where it grows wild. The ordinary mode of collecting scamniony is by laying bare the upper part of the root, making incisions, and placing shells or small vessels tn receive the juice as it flows, which soon dries and hardens in the air. SCAMOZZI, ska-mot'se, Vixcenzo (1552- lOlU). An Italian architect, born in Viccnza. He studied under Sansovino in Venice. In 1582 he had become master of works of the Pro- euratie Nuove, and, going to Eome in 1585, came under the influence of Fontana and Bernini. His later works in the Baroque style include the C'ornaro Palace on the Grand Canal. To an earlier and less ornate period belong the Barbari monu- ment in the Church of the Carita, which first made him famous, and the lilnary of Saint ilark's, which he completed. He wrote Idea dclV ai-ehitettiira n)iirersale (1615). Consult the Z/i'/e by Scolari (Treviso, 1837). SCAMP, or Bacalao. A name in Florida for either of two species of grouper (q.v.), of the genus ilycteroperca, both excellent food-fishes. SCAN'DERBEG (from Turk. Iske)ide)-be(j) , Prince Alexander (c.1404-68). A celebrated patriot chief of Albania. His real name was George Castriota, and his father, John Cas- triota, was one of the hereditary princes of Epirus. In 1413 he was delivered to the Turks as one of the hostages for the allegiance of the Albanian chiefs, and his beauty and intelligence so pleased Amurath II. that he was lodged in the royal palace and brought up in Islamism. Placed at the head of a Turkish force, he fled in 1443 with some three hundred companions to his native country and by a stratagem made himself master of the town of Croia. At the news of his success, the whole country rose in insurrection, and in thirty days he had driven every Turk, except the garrison of Sfetigrad, out of the country. He raised an army of 15,000 men with which he scattered (1444) a Turkish force of 40,000 men. Three other Turkisli armies shared the same fate. The Venetians, too, were made to feel the power of the Albanian leader. Amurath II. took the field in 1449 against Scanderbeg and stormed nian.v of the principal fortresses, but was baffled at Croia (1450). Scanderbeg's splendid success brought him con- gratulations and substantial aid from the Pope and the sovereigns of Naples and Aragon. Mo- hammed II, granted him favorable terms in 1401, and Scanderbeg thereupon entered Italy, where he maintained the cause of the Aragonese in Naples against the partisans of the House of Anjou (1401-62). At the instigation of the Pope, he broke the truce with the Turks in 1464. Mohammed II. dispatched two great nrniies for the reduction of Albania, and Croia was unsuc- cessfully besieged in 1460; but the restless and indomitable chief, worn out with ince.s.sant toil, died at Alessio on .lanuary 17, 1468. The war continued, but the great mainstay of the country was now wanting, and before the end of 1468 the Turkish power had been firmly established in Epirus. Scanderlieg is saiil to have vanquished the Turks in twenty-two pitched battles. Con- sult: Pisko, ^KttiHle)bcg (ienna, 18',I4) ; Gib- bon, Decline and fall, ed. Bury, vol. vii. (Lon- don and New York, 11100). SCANDINA'VIA. A name generally used as a collective term for the three kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. In a more restricted and puiely geograjdiical sense the name is confined to the great |)eninsula of Xorthern Europe, including only Norwa.v and Sweden. The name »S'c«Hrfi« was first employed by the Romans to designate a large island sup- posed to lie north of the Baltic Sea. This was probably Southern Sweden, which still bear> the name of Skaue, and which was then not known to he connected with the maiuland in I he north. SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE. See Dani.sh l.A.(a ai^k anii Literati RE; Norwegian Language; Norweoiax LiTESATUBE; SWEDISH LANGUAGE AND LITERA- TURE. SCANDINAVIAN MUSIC. Since the be- ginning uf the sixteenth century nuisic has been extensivelv cultivated in Scandinavia, but until the nineteenth eentur,y all forms were modeled after the music of Italy, Germany, and France. Dexmark. The earliest operas written upon Danish texts were b.y German coiii|iosers who lived in Denmark. The more prominent among these are J. A. Schuiz, Kunzen, Weyse, and Kuhlau. The first native Danish composer of note is Berggreen (1801-80), whose opera liillc- det op Busten appeared in 1832. In the works of Joiian Peder Emilius Hartmann (1805-limo) specifically northern traits appear, so that he is to be regarded as the founder of a national Danish school. This new school obtained gen- eral recognition through the works of Gaile (1817-iM)), in whose overtures and symphonies distinctive Scandinavian themes are developed. Hartmann's son, Emil Hartmann (1836-08), added several operas to the Danish repertoire. Although in his instrumental works he strictl.v adheres to classical forms, he gives them a na- tional coloring by consciously emphasizing the Scandinavian element. Winding (1S35-00) was an instrumental composer of merit, in whose works tlie national element apjicars rather as the expression of his natural talent than as a conscious attempt to obtain local color. Han- nerik (1843 — ) at first attracted some atten- tion with his yorther)i Suites, but gradnall.v sub- ordinated Scandinavian characteristics to an ex- cessive technical development of the orchestra. The younger Danish composers include l.udwig Schvite (1848 — ). whose works are also warml.v apiireciated outside of Denmark, and Enna (IS60 — ), whose opera The Wileh created a sen- sation in 1802 in Copenhagen. In the field of dance music Denmark has produci'd I.umbve (1810-74), who wrote about 300 dances that are remarkable for their original and piquant