Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/668

SAVONAROLA be consulted: Hurtland, Lettres de Saronarola (Piiris, I'.IOO); I'listor, Zur lieuriheiluny f<avo- iiaioUis (Freiburg, 18!t8) ; Horsburgh, iiaiviiarota (London, 1901); O'Ncil, Havomirola (Boston, IS'.tS); id., Il'os Hacoiiarold Excommiinkatedt (ib., litOO) ; Luitto, /( icro Haiionarola (Florence, 1897) ; Ciruyer, Illustrations dcs ccrits de »S'«ro- narola vt s'cs paroles sur I'art (Paris, 1879) ; Scbnitzcr, Quellen und For.'ichungcn sur Oc- schichte ,<luron<iroUis (Munich, 1902) ; Lucas, Frtt airolumo tiai-ouurola (London, 1900).

SAVONNERIE, sa'vAn'ru', La (Fr., soap facluiv). A iai|ict factory in Paris, cstablislicd by .Maria de' iMudici in 1(104 and included in the Gobelins in 182l«. Its name is derived from the use to which it was originally put. SAVORY (OF. savorce, sadree, sadariege, saturii/r, Fr. soror^c, from I.at. satureia, savory), Saturcid. A genus of annual or perennial herbs and sub-shrubs of the natural order Labiate, natives of Southern Europe and the East. The common or summer savory {Satureia hortensis), an annual 6 to 12 inches high, with white or lilac flowers, commonly cultivated in kitchen gardens for flavoring food, has a strong, agreeable aro- matic smell, and ]ningent taste. Winter savory {Satureia moittana). a sub-shrub with prickly pointed leaves and larger flowers, is used in the same way. Sunuuer savory is propagated by seed; winter savory usually by slips and cut- tings. See Plate of Flowers.

SAVORY, Sir Villi.m Scovell (182G-95). An Kllgli^ll surgeon, born in London, and edu- cated at Bartholomew's Hospital, in the College of Surgeons, and at Lond(m University. In the hospital he was surgical and anatomical demon- strator (1849-59), surgeon (1S(7-91). and gov- ernor (1891-95). But his most important post was that of lecturer on surgery, a double chair, which he occupied with a colleague from 1869 to 1879, and alone imtil 1889, receiving £2000 a year during the latter decade. In the Royal College of Surgeons he was president from 1885 to 1889. Savory became surgeon extraordinary to the Queen in 1S87, and in 1890 a baronet. His declaraticm against 'Listerism' in 1879 ranks him with the conservatives and he was a man of ability rather than brilliancy. He wrote Life and Dm Hi (lSf!.3). SAVOY, sa-voi' (Fr. Savoie). Formerly a dui'liy lying between Italy and France, subse- quently a part of the Kingdom of Sardinia (q.v. ), and since 18G0 a part of France. Savoy is situated in the region of the Western Alps. It borders on the north on Lake Geneva, and on the west it is boimded partly by the Rhone, whose affluents drain the region. In the southeast the Graian Alps form a great wall on the side of Piedmont. The summit of Mont Blanc, the high- est peak of the Alps, is within the borders of Savoy. There are several lakes, among them Bonrget and Annecy, and a number of mineral springs, the most noted being those of Aix-les- Bains. Saint-Gervais. and Evian. The inhabitants, Savoyards, are essentially French. LTnder Sar- dinian rule Savo.v was divided into the provinces of Chablais, Faucigny, Genevois, Maurienne, Savoy Proper, Upper Savo.v, and Taranlaise. The largest town in the region is Chamb^ry. The region constitutes the departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie (qq.v.). .Savoy was included in the Roman provinces of Gallia Transpadana and Gallia Xarbonensis. It was overrun in the early part of the fifth century a.d. by the Bur- gundians, who in 534 came under the domination of the Franks. Its subsequent history is best traced under Bubgunuy, and from the beginning of the eleventh century under Savoy, Hou.se of. SAVOY, House of. The oldest reigning fam- ily in Europe, a cadet branch of wdiich, that of Savoy-Carignan, occupies the throne of Ital.y. The house was founded by Humbert (c. 1003- e.lOSG), who was constable of the Emperor Con- ra<l II. He seems to have received from Ru- dolph III., last King of Aries, the territories, partly French and partly Italian, which formed the nucleus of the little sub-Alpine State of Savo.v, and with these the title of Count (1027). His loyalt.y to Conrad, who annexed the Arletan dominions to the Holy Roman Empire, gained for him additional territories and Imperial rec- ognition of his title about 1030. His son Odo (died C.1060) succeeded to the title, and b.v his marriage with Adelaide, Countess of Turin, he greatl.v extended his dominions. In the suc- ceeding three centuries the possessions of the family were largel.v extended in Piedmont, and parts of Switzerland came under its swa.v. In the thirteenth century the house was divided into a Savoyard and a Piedmontese line, but in 1418 Piedmont was reunited with Savo.v. Ama- deus VI. of Savoy (1343-83) was a vigorous and .able ruler. Amadeus VII. (1383-91) secured Nice and thus gave Savoy an outlet to the sea. Amadeus VIIL (1391-1451) by his support of the Emperor Sigismund secured the erection of Savo.y into a duchy (1416). In 1434 he handed over his authorit.v to his son Louis and retired to a her- mitage. Five .vears later, although he was not a priest, he was elected Antipope b.v the Council of Basel as Felix V. (q.v.), but he was not recog- nized by the Church at large. At the time of the Reformation the authority of the dukes of Savo.v over Cieneva came to an end. and the.v were dispossessed of their Swiss territories. During the wars between the Em- peror Charles V. and Francis I. of France, the latter in 1535 seized the dominions of the House of Savoy, which were not restored until the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis, in 1559. when they were handed over to Emmanuel Philibert ( 1559) ; this able and energetic prince, the victor of Saint- Quentin ( q.v. ), restored the broken prosperity of the comitrv. and did away with the Austrian and French factions. His son. Charles Emmanuel I. (1580-1630), called the Great, who married a daughter of Philip II. of Spain, was en- gaged in long wars with France, which allowed him to retain the strategicall.v important Saluzzo. which he had conquered, onlv at the cost of con- siderable territory along the Rhone. At the close of his reign he engaged in the War of the Man- tuan Succession, in which Savo.v was an all.v of the Hapsburgs against Louis XIII. The contest was terminated soon after the accession of Victor Amadeus I. (1630-37), who in 1631 received part of Montferrat, but was forced to surrender the important fortress of Pinerolo and other places .to France. Victor Amadeus I. did much for the internal improvement of the country and reor- ganized the I'niversity of Turin. This brief reign Wits followed by minorities and regencies during which the State formed a buffer between France and Spain and suffered at the hands of