Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/661

* SAUNDERSON. 598 SAUSSURE. he became proficient in the classics anil in niatlic- matics. At the aj^e of 25 he was taken to Christ's Colk'fie, C'unibriilge, where he had hoped to be admitted. Lack of means, however, barred him from liecoMiin-j; a student there, but by the con- sent of Whiston, then Lueasian professor, he was allowed to lecture on matheniatical physics. On Winston's exjiulsion from bis professorship. Saundersou was considered for the place, and finally, by speiial royal patent, was made M.A. (1711 1 and installed in it. He was a fellow of the Koyal Society (1710). Saunderson was an indefati^'able teacher. His Alycbra. written dur- ing his later years, was published^oon after his •death (2 vols', 17-J0-41). A few years later some of his manuscripts were published under the title. The Method of Fluxions, etc. (Hoi), and an abrid.Kcd edition of his Alrjchni appeared (1701). For iiis biography, consult the preface to his Alpchra (rambridge, 1740-41). SAUPPE, zoupV', Heumann (1809-93). A German classical scholar, born at Wesenstein, near Dresden. After studying at Leipzig, be was professor extraordinary at the University of Zurich in 1838-45: director of the Gymnasium at Weimar in 1845-5, and finally professor of phi- lology at the Cniversity of Gottingcn, where he remained until his death. Sauppe won his great- est fame by his researches in the field of Greek oratory. Among his works on this subject are editions of the Unitores Attici (9 vols., with Bai- ter, 1839-50) ; selected orations of Demosthenes (1845); and the E/ristola Critica ad Oodofre- dum Hermannum (1842), considered one of the most valuable modern treatises on the nietliod- ology of textual criticism. His other works in- cluded editions of Philodemy's De Mtiis, liber x. (1853) : Plato's /Vo^ar/oras" ( 1857, 4th cd. 18.54), which appeared in a well-known Sdininliiiiji gricclnscher iind lateinisclicr lichriftstcllcr mil Anmerkungcn, founded by Sauppe and Haupt. in 1848: and Eufiippii Vita 8. Severini (pub- lished in the Monitmenta Germania Eistorica). His library was bought by Bryn Jlawr College. SAUREL. A small active carangid marine fish (if the genus Trachurus. One species {Trachiirus saiirus) is mainly South-European, and is known to the English as horse-mackerel : another (Tracliurtis si/ininetricus) is the 'horse- mackerel' of California. These fishes share the names 'jurel' and 'gascon' with related genera. See Plate of Horse JIackerel. SAURET, scVra', Emile (1852—). A French violinist, boi-n at Dun-le-Roi, Cher. He studied at tlie Paris Conservatory and was a pupil of Bgriot at Brussels. From 1880 to 1881 he was teacher at Kullak's Akademie in Berlin, and. in 1890. was appointed professor of the violin at the London Royal Academy of !Musie to succeed Sainton. Among his works are: Gradus ad Pnr- naxsiiin du rioJoniste (1894) ; 2 violin concertos: about 130 other pieces for the violin, with or without the orchestra: 20 grandes etudes: 12 etudes artistiques; and about 25 transcriptions. SATJRIA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. o-aCpot, snurtix, lizard). A subclass of the Reptilia. in- cluding the Autosauri or Lacertilia (lizards), and the Ophidia (snakes), defined by Gadow as reptiles with movable quadrate bones, with a transverse external cloacal opening, near the posterior lateral corners of which open the rever- -sible paired copulatory organs. See Reptile. Consult Gadow, Amphibia and Reptiles (London, 1901). SAURIN, s<Vr:-ix', .Jacqies ( l(i77-1730). .A celebrated French Protestant preacher. He was born at Nimes, studied at Geneva, anil was chosen minister of a Walloon church in London in 1701. In 1705 he settled at 'I'lie Hague, where bis extraordinary gift of pulpit oratory was nuich admired. As a preacher, .Saurin has often been compared with Bossuet, whom he rivals in force, if not in grace and subtlety of religious senti- ment. His discourses U])on the more nu'morable events in the Bible were published at The llagie, 1728-39, and his sermons, 1718-05; an English translation of the latter appeared at London, 1824. Consult his Life, by Bertbaull (Paris, 1875). SATJROP'SIDA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from (jk. navpos, siniios. lizard + «i/'is, opsis. appear- ance). A division of Vertel)rata. ]uoposeil by Huxley to include the birds and re|)tiles. which are closely related, as contrasted w itii the lehthy- opsida (fishes and amphibians), or with the Mammalia. SAURY, or Saury Pike. See Skipjack. SAUSAGE. See Packing Ixdu-stby. SAUSAGE POISON. A disease, sometimes called BoTi Li.sMls. caused by eating diseased sausage or ham. In 1898 Van Ermengcm discov- ered in unboiled ham, as well as in the sideen of persons who were jHiisoned by eating of it, a rod-shaped bacterium with spore formation at its end, which he termed hucillus l)Otulismiis. Filtered and germ-free solutions of this ham contained a toxin fatal to animals. See Trichi- NIASIS. SAUSSIER, so'sya', F£lix Gustave( 182S— ). A French general, born at Troyes. He studied at Saint-Cyr and entered the army as lieutenant in 1850. He fought in Algeria, took part in the Crimean War. the Italian War of 1859, and the Mexican expedition, and in 1809 was made colo- nel. In the Franco-German War he distinguished himself at Colombey-Nouilly and Gravelotte. Taken prisoner at iletz in 1870, he escaped, re- turned to France by way of Austria and Italy, and joined the Army of the Loire. He was nuide a brigadier-general, and from 1871 to 1873 served against the Kabyles in Africa. In 1873 he was returned as Deputy for the Department of Anbe, and in the National Assembly adhered to the Left Centre, taking an active share in all qiics- tions of military reform. In 187S he became general of division, in 1881 was commander-in- chief of the army in Algeria and repressed a formidable uprising in Timis, and in 1884 was appointed military governor at Paris. He re- tired in 1808. SAUSSURE, so'si.ir', Hor.ce BIcnIodict de (1740 '.19). A Swiss physicist and geologist born at Conches, near Geneva. When only twenty-two years of age he obtained the jirofessinship of physics and natural philosophy at the University of (Jeneva. In 1708 he eomineneed the series of scientific journeys that have made him fanunis, during the course of which he traversed the Alps, the .lura, the Vosges, and the mountains of Eng- land, France, Germany, Italy, anil other coun- tries. The results of his extensive observations of the geological, botanical, and meteorological fea- tures of the moimtainous region he visited were