Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/660

* SAUL. 592 SAUNDERSON. SAUL. (1) All oiatoiio by Handul (q.v.). (•_•) A pooiii I'j- Robert Browniiij,' (q.v.). SAULCY, s.'.'sf-'. l.oiis rtLKiKX Joseph Caii;.n.vi!T i>e (1807-80). An Oriental numis- matist ami antiquary. He 'was born at hille, stu.lie.l at the Keole Polytcelinique, in 1838 be- came |iriifessor of meelianies at iletz, and was later appointeil eonservator of the museum of artillery at I'aris. His activity was mainly de- voted to numismatics and arclufology. In 1842 he became a member of the French Academy. Amon<; bis publications may be mentioned fjssui tie cliissilicalion iIck siiilcs tiionclaires byzantines ( is:ili) ; h'cchi relics siir hi niimismaiiquc pun'uiue (184.'}); Uechcrehea sur la iiiiininmiitirjuc jiida- iqite (1854); Voyage en Tcrre-tiamle (18(i5); tSepI sUclcs dc I'hisloire juda'ique (1874); and Uiatoire des Maehahecs (1880). SAULT SAINTE MARIE, sThj saiit ma're, Fr. /lion. -'• --riM iiiM'n'-'. A port of entry of Alfjoma District, Ontario, Canada, opposite its ^Michigan namesake, on the Saint Mary's River and the Saint Mary's Falls ship-canal (Map: Ontario, X !)).■ A r.iihvay bridge, one mile long, ,s|)ans the river between tlic two towns and con- nects the Northern Tacilic Railroad with the Canadian Paeitic Railway 1)y the Sault or "Soo" branch line. The town lias agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and sliipping interests. It owns its water-works and electric lighting plant. Population, in 1S91. 2414; in 1901, 7109. SAULT SAINTE MARIE. The county-seat of Chippewa County, Michigan, 3.50 miles west- norlbwest of Detroit; on the Saint Mary's River, and on the Canadian Pacific, the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic, and the Minneapolis, Saint Paul and Sault Stc. Jlarie railroads (Map: Michigan, .1 2). The sliip canal here, connecting Lakes Superior and Huron, is noted for its exten- sive freight traffic. New locks have been con- structed from time to time by the Federal Gov- ernnient to meet the demands of the constantly increasing commerce. The last of these, costing about .$4,000,000, was opened in 1896. It is 800 feet long and 100 feet w'ide, and will admit ves- sels drawing 21 feet of water. (For illustration, see Can.l. ) Other noteworthy features are the International Bridge across the rapids of the Saint JIary's River, a public library. Fort Brady, an<l Canal Park. The water power afforded b}' the rapids near the city generates electrical energy equivalent to 100.000 horse power. The power is utilized by several important industries. There are lumber mills, ])aper mills, a carbide manufac- torv, dredging machinery works, flour ami woolen mills, and fisli-packing establishments. The gov- ernment, under the revised charter of 1897. is vested in a mavor, elected biennially, and a uni- cameral council. In 1641 the .Jesuit Fathers Raymbault and Jogues established a mission here, but it was soon abandoned. In 1062 Father Marquette founded here the first permanent set- tlement within the present limits of Michigan. At this place in 1671 the French convoked a great congress of the Indian nations. Sault Sainte Marie was first incorporated in 1887. Popula- tion, in 1890, .5760; in 1900, 10,538. SAUMAREZ, sf.'ma'rti', .Tames, Baron de (1757-1830). A British admiral. He was born in the Isle of Guernsey and entered the British navy in 1770. He distinguished himself during the attack on Charleston in 1770, and was under Bank in 1781. lu 1782, as commander of the Jiiissell, he sliaied Rodney's victory over De Urasse. After living some years on shore, he made a gallant capture of the French frigate La liiunion in 1793. He fought in the battles of rOrient (1795), Saint Vincent (1797), and the Nile (1798). He became Rear-Adiniral of the Blue in 1801, and in the same year gained a s])lendid victory over the French and Spanisli oil' Cadiz (.July 12). He suliseipiently commanded the Baltic licet for a number of years. He be- came admiral in 1814, vice-admiral of Cireat Britain in 1821, and was raised to the peerage in 1831. SAUMUR, so'mur'. The capital of an arron- disspinent in the Department of Maine-et-Loire, France, 28 miles southeast of Angers (Map: France, F 4). It is dominated by a castle- crowned hill and is built partl.v on the left bank of the Loire and partly on an island. The schoid for cavalrv, founded here in 1768, occupies a magnificent building, and has extensive parade grounds. Oilier prominent features include the Church of Saint Pierre, dating from the twelfth century, the pilgrimage Cliurch of Xotre Dame de Xantilly the sixteenth-century town hali, the pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame College, and the Museum of Science and Archieolog}-. The town is noted for its wines and manufactures enameled goods. Sauniur was one of the leading centres of Protestantism in France, but lost half of its population and its commercial ]irestige by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Popu- lation, in 1901, 10,233, SAUN'DERS, Frederick (1807-1902), An American librarian and author, born in London, England. He came to New York (1837), en- gaged in publishing, and was a pioneer in the agitation for international copyright. For some time lie was city editor of the Evening Post. In 1859 he became assistant librarian of the As- tor Librarv. and head librarian in 1876, resign- ing in 1890. Among many volumes, chiefl.y of e]ihemeral interest, the more noteworthy were: Salad for lite Solitary by an Epicure (1853); Hahid for the Social (1856), both frequently re- printed; Evenings irith the Saered Poets (1869) ; Pastime Papers (1885) ; and Story of Some Fa- mous Books { 1887), He edited, with H. T. Tuck- erman. Homes of American Authors (1853). SAUNDERS, Richard. The name used by Benjamin Franklin for the suppcsed author of Poor Richard's Almanac. SAUNDERS, Thomas Bailey (I860—). An English author, born in Alice, Cape Colony, and educated at King's College, London, and at L'ni- versity College, Oxford. He translated Schopen- hauer's essays under the titles The Wisdom- of Life, Studies in Pesshnism, The Art of Litera- ture, and On Human Nature (1889-96) ; maxims and reflections from Goethe (1893): and Har- nack's Christianity and History (1896), Thoughts on Protestantism (1899), and What is Christian- ity (1900); and wrote Schnpenhaner (1901), and Professor Harnack and His Oxford Critics (1902). SAUN'DERSON, or SANDERSON, Nicho- las (1682-1739). An English mathematician, born at Thurlston, near Penniston. in York- shire. When onlv one year of age he lost his sight from smallpox. In spite of this infirmity,