Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/627

* SANTIAGO. 561 out as a public park; there arc several large parks within and arimiid the eity, in which irri- gation maintains a luxuriant vej^etation. although the rainfall is very scanty and the surrounding plains are naturally arid. The houses are gen- erally built in the old Spanish style, one or two stories high, with a central jiatio, and often with e.xtensive gardens. Santiago is the most populous city on the entire western slope of America, with the excep- tion of San Francisco. An extensive system of street railroads traverses the city in all direc- tions. During the last two or three decades numerous large buildings, several stories high and of solid stone construction, with artistic facades, have been built, including many sumptuous pri- vate residences. The streets are exceptionally well paved, clean, and broad. The Alameda or Avenida de las Delicias, which divides the city into two halves, is one of the finest boulevards of South America. It is more than 300 feet wide, lined with several rows of poplars, and ornamented with fountains and statues, many of the latter being the spoils of the Peruvian war. The prominent buildings are the large mint, the Exposition Palace, the Hall of Congress, a magnificent ojiera house, the cathedral, and the university building. The university, the head of the educational system of the country, was founded in 1743. and has faculties of law, phi- losophy, medicine, and science, with over 1000 students. Other educational institutions are the Pedagogical Institute; the National Library, con- taining in ISO" 101.000 volumes; the Xational Museum, one of the foremost in South America; normal, military, trade, and agricultural schools: an astronomical observatory: and a botanical garden. The industries are unimportant, but there is some trade, chiefly in the hands of for- eigners. Santiago is connected by railroad with Valparaiso. Concepcion. and P.uenos Avres. Popu- lation, in 188.5, 189.302: in 1000. 2liO.S8t). San- tiago was founded in 1541 by Pedro de Valdivia. SANTIAGO, Battle of. See Spanish- Americax War. SANTIAGO, Rio Gbande de, or Pao San- tiago. The largest river in Mexico. It rises in a small lake at the foot of the volcano of Toluea, near Mexico City, and flows under the name of Eio Lerma first nortliwest. then west through the States of Mexico and Guanajuato, emptying into Lake Cbapala ((|.v.), on the boimdary be- tween !Michoacan and Jalisco. Issuing from the north end of the lake as the Eio Santiago, it flows northwest through .lalisco ami the Territory of Tepic. and empties into the Pacific Ocean near San Bias. Its total length is about .550 miles. In its upi)er course it has a very swift current, and below Lake Chapala it breaks through the Sierra Madre in deep and rocky gorges, where it is ob- structed by reefs and falls. In its extreme lower course it is very shallow, so that no part of it is permanently navigable. SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA, da k6m- pd-sta'la. or Compcstella. A celebrated town of Galicia. Xorthwestern Spain, in the Province of La Coruna. situated among th{ mountains 28 miles south of Corunna (Map: Spain. A 1). Tradition ascribes its origin to the finding in the ninth century of the remains of the Apostle Saint .lames (Santiago), the patron saint of Spain. According to the legend the spot was SANTIAGO DE CUBA. l)ointed out to Bishop Theodomir by a star, whence the l)lace was called 'Campus Stella' (field of the star), later corrupted to Conipostela. A church was built over the grave, which liecame the goal of vast nuudiers of pilgrims. The church was destroyed liy tin' .Moors in 'Ml, and in 1082 the present cathedral was l}egun. It is ii vast cruciform granite structure, and the best example of the early Komanestiuc architecture in Spain. The fa(,ade, which dates from 1738, is very elab- orately decorated in baroque style. The crypt contains the shrines of the Apostle and his two disciples. The city, which is the see of a metro- l^olitan archbishop, contains several other churches and a large number of convents and other ecclesiastical buildings, sonu' of which, such as the convents of San I'lanciseo and San .Mar- tin, are of great size. The large Hospital Keal. op])Osite the cathedral, was built in 1.5(11 l)y Ferdinand and Isabella f(U' the reception of pil- grims, who are still numerous. There are a university, founded in 1.504. and several acad- emies. Population, iu 1!M)0. 24.'JI7. SANTIAGO DE CUBA, da koo'Bii. The largest piovince of Cuba, occupying the eastern end of the island, bounded on the northwest by the Province of Puerto Principe and surrounded on the other sides by the sea (ilap: Cuba, .10). Area, 12,408 square miles. This is the highest and most mountainous part of Cuba. The moun- tains are divided by the valley of the Canto, the largest river of Cuba, which traverses the prov- ince from east to west. Along the south coast runs the well-defined range of the Sierra Maestra, rising in the Pico de Turquino to a height of 8320 feet. In the east the range merges with the northern mountains in a wilderness of hills, ridges, and precipices. There are numerous fer- tile valleys in the province, yielding all the ag- ricultural products of the island, and the mineral wealth is extensive, consisting especially of cop- per, and including also iron, mercury, and marble. The chief industries are mining, sugar and toliae- co manufacture, cattle-raising, and the exploita- tion of the forests, which vield fine cabinet w'oods. Population, in 1899, 327,715. The capital is Santiago de Cuba. SANTIAGO DE CUBA. The capital of the province of the same name in Cuba, and the second city of the Republic in size and importance. It lies at the northeastern end of the Bay of Santiago, on the southeastern coast of the island. 470 miles in a straight line southeast of Havana (Map: Cuba, K 6). The bay is a harlrar of the first class, very deep and capacious, and completely land-locked. It is 5 miles long, with an average breadth of ITo miles, and has an extremely nar- row entrance, in one place only 220 yards wide. The entrance is protected by the fortresses of Morro and Socaba, which crown the rocky cliffs, but are more picturesque than formidable. Within the entrance are the Bateria de la Estrella and several minor defenses. The bay and the city are inclosed by mountains which cut off the sea breezes and render the location hot and unhealthful. The mean temperature in sum- mer is 88" and in winter S2°. The city is built on a sloping amphitheatre of hills, with generally crooked and billy streets and one- storied houses. Previous to the .merican occu- pation the streets were badly paved and un- clean, while yellow fever was prevalent, but