Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/619

* SANSKRIT LITERATURE. 553 SANSOVINO. compounds, the loniantic sentiiiu^iital low story of an inclfiilily iiobk' prinfe ami tlic «iually iiictlably beautiful ami virlucms fairy jniiu'ess Kailambari. Other works of this elass, kiicnvii as carila, con- tinue to be ooniposeil at a later time The same term, caritu, is also used for (iiRONlci.K.s, cu- quasi-historical literature. Historical works in the European sense do not exist in India. The nearest approach to history in our sense of the word is the Kiijiitaraniiiihl (([.v.), or the Chron- icle of Kasliniir. by Kalhana. A modern work of a similar kind, hit of much smaller e.tent is the lisirniucamxui'dlirtn'ita, the chronicle of a scries of royal families who reifrned in Uongal, It was composed in the middle of the eijihteenth century. India abounds in all forms of Scientific I.it- KR.VTl'RE, written in tolerably jrood Sanskrit even to the present day. The ancient legal books of the Veda continue in modern jioctical Dharina- mstriis and l^nirtis, of which the />oic-hoo/,,s of Munu (see JIanu) and Yujiiarnlkua are the most famous examples. Rooted in the Upanishads (q.v. ) are the six Hindu systems of philosophy and their abundant writings. (See the articles MTmaMSA, NyaYA, S.iMKIIVA, Vaiseshika, Ve- DANTA, and Yoga.) Granunar, etymology, lexi- cography, prosody, rhetoric, music, and architec- ture each own a technical literature of wide scope and importance. The earliest works of an ety- mological character are the Vedic glosses of Yaska (see Nirukt.'v) : later, but far more im- portant, is the giammar of Panini (q.v.), one of the greatest grannnarians of all times, and his commentators Katyayana and Patanjali. Mathe- matics and astronomy were eagerly cultivated from very early times, the so-called Araldc nu- merals coming to the Arabs from India, and desig- nated by them as Hindu numerals. Indian medical science must have begun to develop before the beginning of our era, for one of its chief authori- ties, Caraka, was the chief physician of King Kanishka in the first century a,d. The germs of Hindu medical science reach back to the Alharva- Veda. (See Veda.) The Bower manuscript, one of the oldest of Sanskrit manuscripts (probably fifth century a.d. ), contains medical statements which agree verbally with passages in the works of Susruta and Caraka, the leading authorities on this subject. BiKLiocRAriiY. A brief but convenient sketch of Sanskrit literature is ilacdonell. History of Haufilcrit Litrntture (New Y'ork, 1900). The bibliographical notes at the end of the book are a safe guide to more extensive study. The Ger- man work of Schroeder, Indiens' Litteratiir inid Ciiltiir (Leipzig, 1887), contains a fuller, very instructive and very readable account of San- skrit literature ; copious translations and digests of the texts themselves make this work especially practical and helpful. The History of Avcifiit f!anskrit Literature, by Jlax iliiller (2d ed.. Lon- don, 1860), is limited to the Vedic period and does not really bear upon the present theme. Weber's Akademisehe Vorlesunyen iiber indischc Litteraturpeschirhte (2d ed., Berlin, 1876. trans- lated by T. Zachariae, London, 1878. with addi- tional notes by Weber), is a learned and technical work not at all adapted to the wants of the general reader, and is now partly antiquated, though still valuable. Readable and popular in style are Frazer, Literary History of Lndia (New York, 1898), and Monier-Williams, Indian Wis- dom (London, 1876), which contains numerous specimens of Sanskrit literature in translations. The tlriindriss dcr indo-arisrhi n I'hUttlnijir. com- menced under the editorship (if Itiihlcr, and con- tinued after his tlcath by Kielliorn (Strassburg, lS9(i ct sc(|. ), covers the entire domain of Indo- -ryan antic|uity, and contains authoritative in- formal ion regarding many points and problems of Sanskrit lilerature. SANSOVINO, siin'sA-ve'n.V Andrea, properly .-Nmii:A ('(iNTici'i (1400-1029). < >ni' of the principal I'lorcnlinc sculptors of the High Renais- sance. He was born at Monte San Sux-iim, near Arezzo. and studied at Klorencc with . tonio I'ollajuolo and Uertoldo. The most important of his early works are reliefs of the '■.Vmuincia- tion," a "PietA," and the "Coronation of the Virgin," in Santo Spirito, Florence, .bout 1490 he was apijointed sculptor and architect to .lohn II., King of Portugal, for whom and his succes- sor, Emanuel I., he built a royal palace and exe- cuted sculptures, of which a bronze basrdief of John and a statue of Saint Mark still exist at Coimbra. After nine years' absence, he re- turned to Florence and occupied himself with a font for the Baptistery at Volterra (1502); a "Madonna and Child" and a "Saint John Bap- tist" for the cathedral at Genoa (1.504) : and a group, the "Baptism of Christ," al)Ove the doors of the Baptistery at Florence. Though completed a century later by Vincenzo Danti, the ligures are as beautiful in conception and execution aa their disposition is monumental. After 1505 he went to Home and executed for Pope Julius II. his two chief works, the monu- ments of the two cardinals Sfoiza and Basso in the Church of Santa Jlaria del Popolo. He made for a ehaiie! of the Church of San Agostino a "Madonna with Child and Saint Anne," and went to Loreto in 151.3 to superintend the decoration of the Casa Santa, most of which was exe- cuted by his pupils, and is mannered in style. His statues are executed with admirable tech- nique and are mild and beautiful in conception, but they jjossess the generality of type derived from the antique common to the High Renais- sance, with a consequent loss of characteristic and individual qualities. Consult: Scbiinfcid, Andrea Hansorino und seine Schiile (Stuttgart, 18811 : Rosenberg, in Dohme, Kmuil und Kiinatler Italiens (Leipzig, 1879). SANSOVINO, Jacopo (Tatti) (1477-1570). A Florentine sculptor and architect of the High Renaissance. He was born at Caprese. near Florence, the son of .Vntimio Tatti ; but he adopted the name of Sansovino from Andrea, his first master. His first work as a sculptor was a "Saint John'' submitted in competition with Ra- faello di Jlontelupo. At Rome he gained the friendship and patronage of Bramante, and Pope .Tulius II. employed him to restore antique statues. Returning to Florence, he modeled the beautiful nude "Bacchus," now in the I'llizi. and many other figures. In 1511 he returned to Rome and fash- ioned the colossal "Machnma" for the Church of San Agostino. His design for the Church of San Giovanni dei Fiorentini in Rome was chosen over those of Raphael. Sangallo, and Pernzzi, but an iniury forced him to leave the completion of the structure to Antonio di Sangallo. When Rome was sacked in 1527, Sansovino took up his permanent residence at Venice, where he held for many years the foremost position