Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/610

* SANKHYA. 5U SAN LUIS. subtle elements which themselves are productive of the live gross elements (see 20-24). Ahaiiikara further produces ('.••13) five instruments of sen- sation, the eye, the car, the nose, the tongue, and the skin: (l'418), live instruments of action, the orpin of speech, the hanils, the feet, the excre- tory termination of the intestines, and the organ of generation: lastly (19), manas, the organ of volition and imagination. The five subtle ele- ments (see 4-8 ) produce (20-24) the five gross elements, Okfisu. space or ether, which has the property of audibility, and is derived from the sonorous taninatra: air, which has the properties of audibility and tangibility, and is derived from the aerial tanmatra: lire, which has the jiroper- ties of audibility, tangiliility, and color, and is dcriveil from the igneous taniiialra: water, which has the properties of audibility, tangibility, color, and savor, and is derived from the aqueous tan- matra: lastly, earth, which unites the properties of audibility, tangibility, color, savor, and odor, and is derived from the terrene tanmatra. The twenty-fifth principle is punisha (q.v.) or soul. Kromthe union of soul and I'rakrti comes crea- tion. Nature as matter is a product of intellect. The semi's wish is fruition or liberation. In order to become fit for fruition, the soul is in the first place invi'sted with a linya iarlra, or suksma iariru, a subtle Ijody, which is composed of buddlii (2), (ilinmkaru {'.i), the five tatimatrds (4-8), and the eleven instruments of sensation, action, and volition (n-l!M. This subtle body is invested with a grosser body, which is composed of the five gross elements (20-24). or according to some, of four, excluding Cikiiia, or, according to others, of one alone, earth. The grosser body, proi)agated by generation, perishes: the subtle frame, how- ever, transmigrates through successive bodies. Some assume, besides, that between these two there is a corporeal frame, composed of the five elements, but tenuous or refined, the so- called nnintlhiirm mrira. Besides the twenty-five principles, the Sankhya also teaches that nature has three essential fimins or characteristics, siillid. being, sometimes defined as pure being or goodness; rajas, energy, or passion: and tanias, darkness, the characteristic of sloth and inertia. The knowledge of the ])rinciples, and hence the true doctrine, is, according to Sankhya, obtained by three kinds of evidence, perception, inference, and right affirmation, which some understand to mean the revelation of the Veda and authorita- tive tradition. The Sankhya in its first form is atheistical, but it underwent a m.vthological development in the Puranas (q.v.). in the most important of which it is followed as the basis of their cosmogony. Thus, Prakriti, or nature, is identified by them with Mava (q.v.), and the Jlat.sya-Purana af- firms that Ruddhi, the intellectual principle, through the three qualities, being, passion, and darkness, became the three gods, Brahma. Vishnu, and Siva. The most important development, however, of the Sankhya is that by the Buddhistic doctrine, which is mainly based on it. The Sankh.va system is probably the oldest of the Hindu systems of philosophy, for its chief prin- ciples are, with more or less detail, already con- tained in the secondary Upanishads (q.v.): but the form in which it has come down to us is probably older than that in which the other sys- tems are preserved, although the question of priority is very much involved. The reputed founder of the Sankhya is Kapila, who is said to have been a son of Brahma, or else an incarnation of Vishnu. He tauglit his system in Sutras (q.v.), which, distributed in six lectures, bear the name of SCmkya-Pracacunu, though the antiquity of this work has been questioned. The oldest commentary is tiiat by Aniruddha, translated by GarV)e (Calcutta, 1888- !)2) ; another is that by Vijnanabhikshu. The first summary of the Sankhya doctrine is given by Isvara Krishna, in his HOnkhija-Karika, edited by Wilson, with a translation of the text by Colebrooke, and a translation of the commentary of Oaudapada by himself (Oxford, 18.37). Con- sult: Hall, in the preface of his edition of the ^uhkhya-l'ravucana (Calcutta, ISoli): id., Ciiti- tribution toicard an Index 1o the liihliofirnphi) of the Indian Philosophical Systems (ib., 1859) ; Garbe, Die Sfnikhya-Philosophie (I^eipzig, 1894) ; id., Sankhya und Yoga (Strassburg, 1890) ; Miiller, Six Si/stems of Hindu Philosophy (New York, 1899). ' SANKT INGBEKT, ziinkt ing'bert. A town of the Palatinate, Bavaria, Germany, 14 miles west of Zweibriicken. It has machinery, glass, and iron works, and some coal mines. Population, in 1900, 14,048. SANKT JOHANN, yo-han'. A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, on the Saar, opposite Saarbriicken (Map: Prussia, B 4). It is tin- shipping centre of the Saarbriicken coal-mining district, and manufactures machinerv, iron ware, wire rope. etc. Population, in 1900, 21,257, SANKT MORITZ. See Saint Moeitz. SANKT POLTEN, pel'ten. An ancient to in Lower Austria. 38 miles by rail west of Vienna (Map: Austria, D 2). It has a bishop's semi- nary. Ironware, weapons, cotton, paper, glass, and stoneware are manufactured. Population, in 1900, 14,510. SANLXJCAB, DE BAKRAMEDA, sjin loH'- kar da bar'ra-ma'Da. A town of Southern Spain, in the Province of Cadiz, situated among the dunes at the mouth of the Guadalquivir. 10 miles north of Cadiz (Jlap: Spain, B 4). It is a ])opular bathing resort. The vines covering the surround- ing dunes produce the excellent ilanzanilla wine. There are salt works and flour mills, and d.vna- mite is manufactured in the neighborhood. The port is Bonanza, situated 2% miles up the river; it is provided with a large iron pier, and con- nected by rail with .Terez. In 1519 Magellan sailed from SanU'icar on his famous voyage around the world. Population, in 1887, 22,607; in 1900, 23.747. SAN LUCAS, C.VPE. See Cape San Licas. SAN LUIS, lo5-es'. A central province of Argentina, bounded on the north by La Rioja, on the east by Cordoba, on the south by the Terri- tory of La Pampa, and on the west by Mendo/a and San Juan (Map: Argentina. D 10). Area, estimated at 28,535 square miles. The surface is mountainous in the north, where there are also some saline steppes. The rest of the province is level, but sparsely watered. The Kio Salado runs along the western boiindarv. The climate is very dry, and the land is xinsuited for agri- culture. The mineral deposits are extensive and include copper, gold. iron, graphite, and other minerals. Onl.v gold and copper are mined to any