Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/608

* SAN JOSE SCALE. tains until Aus""*, 1893, wlicu it «a.s found by Hiiwiird on a lieur rtcoivod from Cluuioltcsville, ii"iiiia. Soon uftoiwiiids the di^^coveiy was iiiacTp that in 1S87 or 18S8 infested nursery stock liad been brouiu'lit from California by two New .Icrsev nurseries and that unwittingly nursery infested stock had been sent out broadcast. By IS'.t'i the jjcst had become establislied in many nurseries ami orchards in the majority of the Kastern States, and in February, 18!)8. the Ger- man (iovernment prohibited the importation of American fruits and plants, to prevent the intro- xluction of the scale. Other European govern- ments, fanada, and South Africa soon after is- sued similar decrees. It is now known in •lapan, China, and Australia, and in almost every one of the I'nited States, seeming to reach its greatest jiowers of destruction in the best fruit- growing regions. The San .lose scale does not occur upon citrus fruits, but has attacked the limbs, leaves, and fruit of more than 150 species of food plants, including the principal deciduous fruit and orna- mental trees and shrubs. When the infestation is very bad, the scales lie close together upon the bark, frequently overlapping, the young scales clustering over "the surface of the older individ- uals. The general appearance of a twig covered with the scales is of a grayish, slightly roughened, scurfy deposit. Infested apple and pear fruits show' a reddi.sh discoloration of the skin, and ^vhen severely attacked, become distorted, rough, pitted, and frequently cracked. Well-grown ap- ple trees are resistant for several years, but young peach trees are often killed in two sea- sons. The nionev lost to the orchard interest of the United States from the work of this insect has been enormous. The winter is passed by the nearly full-grown insects inidcr the protection of the scale. In the early spring the hibernating males emerge, and in May the females mature and begin to give birth to young, at the daily rate of per- haps nine to ten young by each mother for a period of six weeks. It is estimated that the ofl- spring during a summer from a single over-win- tering female may amount to more than one and one-half billions. Distribution is mainly by means of nursery stock, but is also upon fruit. The yo ig are also carried upon the feet of birds and flying insects. Wind also has some effect on the distribution. None of the native national enemies appear to be very effective, although a chalcidid fly (Aphelinus fuscipennis) destroys the adults. The Chinese ladybird (Chilocoms similis). in- troduced by Marlatt, maj' prove a more effective natural enemy. See Ladybird. The principal remedies in use are treatment with a mixture of lime, sulphur, and salt, known as 'California wash,' with whale-oil or fish-oil soap, preferably made with potash lye; with a kerosene-soap enuilsion, or with crude petroleum; with a mechanical mixture of kerosene and water ; and with hydrocyanic acid gas. The last- named treatment is now used only for nursery stock, although extensive experiments have been made with orchard trees. Consult: Howard and Marlatt, Bulletin No. 3, vew series. Division of Entomology. United States Department of .i ffriculture (Washington, 1896 Marlatt. Circular Xo. 42, second series (ib., 1902) ; .Tolmson, Fumigation Methods (New 542 SAN JUAN. York, 1902) ; Bulletins ol agricultural experiment stations. SAN JUAN, iiwiin. A western province of Argentina, bounded by Chile on the west, the Argentine Province of La Kioja on the north and east, and the provinces of San Luis and Mendoza on the south (Map: Argentina, D 10). Area, 33,715 square miles. It is traversed in the west by a nundjer of parallel mountain chains belonging to the Andes, and inclosing fertile val- leys. The eastern jiortion is level and covered for a large part by a saline steppe and arid tracts. Gold and silver are mined to some ex- tent and other minerals are believed to exist in large quantities. Agriculture and cattle-raising are the chief occupations. Besides wheat and corn large quantities of lucerne are raised, and wine and olives are also extensively cultivated. The chief exports are wine and cattle. Popula- tion, in 1900, 94,991. The capital is San Juan. SAN JUAN. The capital of the Province of San Juan, Argentina, situated on the San .luan River, 85 miles north of Mendoza, with which it has railroad connection (Map: Argentina. D 10). It has been ralle<l an 'oasis of civilization,' and is a clean and well-built town, well paved and drained, and provided with public baths. It has a national college, a normal school, and a large seminary. The wine trade is important, and the town exports cattle to C'liile. Population, in 1895, 10,410; estimated in 1898 at 12,000. SAN JUAN. A town of Luzon, Philippines, in the Province of La Union, situated on the coast, three miles north of San Fernando (Map: Philippine Islands, E 3). Population, estimated, in 1899, 10,211. SAN JUAN (full name Sax Juas Bautista DE Puerto Rico). The capital of Porto Rico, situated on a small coral island toward the east- ern end of the north coast (Map: Porto Rico, C 2). The islet is about 21'^ miles long, and half a mile wide, and is connected with the main- land by the Bridge of San Antonio. The bay in- closed by it is spacious and deep, and forms the best harbor of the island, though the narrow, rockj' entrance is dangeroiis in stormy weather. The town is surrovmded by picturesque walls, and toward the sea presents a line of fortified cliffs. On a promontory at the western end stands the Morro Castle, built in 1584, but well preserved. The streets are laid out in regular squares, and are well paved and shaded. On the Plaza de Santiago stands a statue of Ponce de Leon. There are a number of fine buildings, such as the city hall, the custom-house, the former Captain-General's palace, the barracks, and the Casa Blanca, an interesting fortress-like building said to have been built by Ponce de Leon. There are also a cathedral and an im- mense Dominican convent. The water supply and sanitary arrangements are defective. In- dustrially and commercially the city is not very important. The population of the municipal dis- trict in 1899 was 32.048. San .Juan was founded in 1511 by Ponce de Leon. It was strongly forti- fied and several times repulsed the attacks of English fleets. On May 12. 1898, during the Spanish-American War, its defenses were bom- barded by the American fleet under Sampson, but the city was not occupied by the American forces until after the suspension of hostilities.