Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/599

* SAN GIOVANNI IN PERSICETO. 533 SANHEDBIN. SAN GIOVANNI IN PERSICETO, persS- clui't'i. A (dwii in till' I'l'iJviiii'r iif liol(>;,'iia, Italy, aljoiu io miles hy rail nortlnVest ol' liologna. It has iiiiiiL'ial springs, mainifacturcs ironware, and markets grain. Popnlation (eonimnne), in I'JUl. Ij.Siiy. SAN GIOVANNI ROTONDO, n", ton'di. A eity in the rruvinee of I'oggia. Italy, 28 miles northeast of the city of Foggia and 15 milea north of Fontanarosa, the nearest railway sta- tion (Map: Ital}', K 0). It is beantifuUy situ- ated on a slope of Monte Gargano. It markets wine, oats, potatoes, and cattle, and manufac- tures linen. Population of comnuinc, in 1901, 10,122. SANGIR (san-ger') ISLANDS. A chain of small islands in the Malay Archipelago, belong- ing to the Netherlands, extending from the northeastern end of Celebes northward to jlin- danao. Philippines, and separating the Celebes Sea from the Pacitic Ocean (Map: East India Islands, G 4). It consists of about 50 islands with a total area of 408 square miles, of which 308 square miles are taken up b_y Great Sangir. the largest in the grouj). They are of volcanic origin. There are several active craters, notably Abu on Great Sangir, which has frequently caused great loss of life. The islands are covered with for- ests yielding excellent timber and cabinet woods, and cocoa, sago, rice, tobacco, and sugar are also produced. The inhabitants are Alfuros, partly Christians and Mohammedans, ])artly pagans. Together with the neighboring Talauer Islands the Sangirs belong to the Dutch Residenc}' of Jlenado, and the combined population of the two groups was estimated in 1895 at 11."!, 467. SANGRE DE CRISTO, siin'gia da kres'to. A range of the Rocky Jlountains in south-central Colorado, bounding the San Luis Park on the northeast (Map: Colorado, E 2). It rises steep- ly from the floor of the park to a height of 5500 feet above it. Its crest maintains an altitude of 13,000 feet above the sea for 15 miles and 12.000 feet for over 30 miles. Its highest point, Blanca Peak, has an altitude of 14,390 feet, and is one of the two highest peaks of Colorado. SANG'STEB, Ch.rles (1822-93). A Cana- dian poet, born at Kingston, Ontario. For fifteen years he conducted newspapers at Amherslburg and Kingston ; and from 1868 to his retirement in 1886, he was connected with the Post-Office Department at Ottawa. He was one of the earli- est among the native English-Canadian poets. Perhaps his best known poem is the stirring "England and America." His published vol- umes comprise The St. Laterence and the Hague- nni/, and Other Poems (1856) : and Hesperun and Other Poems and Lyrics (1860). SANGSTER, tMaeg.^ret Elizabeth (Mun- SON) (1838—). An American journalist, poet, and juvenile moralist, born at New Roehelle, N. Y. She was privately educated, chiefly in New York. She contributed to many periodicals, became associate editor of Henrth and Home (1871-73). of The Christian At Work (1873-79), of The Christian Intcllifjenecr {]S7i), of Har- per's Yoii}ifi People (1882-89), and of Harper's Bazaar (1889-99i, besides contributing regularly to other journals. In book form she published Manual of Missions of the Reformed Church in America (1878), and numerous essays and poems. SANGUILE, san-gelA. Collective name of certain liulc known tribes in Southern Min- dan:ui. Sec I'uii ii'i'iNK Islands. SANGUINARIA (Lat. sanyuinaria, fein. sg. of sunyuinanus, relating to blood, from sanijuis, blood, so called because supposed to staiicli blood, but in modern usage because of the blood like juice). A genus of plants of the natural (jrder Papaveracea'. iSanyuinaria Canadensis, the only species, the bloodroot or pueeoon of Eastern North America, has a Heshy rootstoek with a red, acrid juice, found also in the stalks. The large white flowers, which appear in early spring, are solitary, and arise from the root, on short stalks usually surrounded by the solitary round- ish heart-shaped radical leaves. SANGUINE (OF., Fr. sangiiin, bloody), or Ml uiti.v One of the tinctures in heraldry (q.v.). SAN'HEDRIN (lleb. sanhedrin, from Gk. avviSpiov, siiiiedriun, council, from <riv, syn. to- gether -- Kpo, hedra, seat). The name in ancient times of the highest court of justice and supreme council in .Jerusalem, in a wider sense applied also to lower courts of justice. .Josephus ilesignates the council established by Gabinius. the Koinan Governor of Syria (B.C. 57-54), in each of the five districts of Palestine as synedrion. but this intentional degradation of the Synedrion at Jeru- salem ])oints to the introduction of the term at an earlier period, and in fact it occurs in the Greek translation of the Old Testament (second century b.c). According to the Talmud, also, the name goes back to the second centtiry. for the chief council in the days of .John llyrcanus is called a Sadducean Sanhedrin (7'(//. /i(ii<., San- hedrin, 52b). The Sanhedrin is identical with the (leronsia, which occurs as a designation of the chief Jewi.sh council in the days of Antiochtis the Great (c.200 B.C.) and somewhat later. The deg- radation of the Jerusalem Sanhedrin by tiabinius was only temporary, and soon after we find the council at Jerusalem exercising supreme author- ity and even titilizcd by rulers to .serve their ends. The Sanhedrin of .Jerusalem, as finally constitut- ed, consisted of 71 memliers. and w;is presided over by the Ab-hclh-din ('Father of the Tribunal'), with whom was associated in the post-Uadrianic era the Nasi ( Prince ) . Its members belonged to the diff'erent classes of society. There were priests; elders, that is, heads of families, men of age and experience : scribes, or doctors of the law; and others exalted by eminent learning, but we have no authentic source for determining who composed the Sanhedrin or on what principle vacancies were filled. The presidency ap- pears to have been conferred for a time on the high priest in preference, if he happened to pos- sess the requisite qualities of eminence; other- wise 'he who excels all others in wisdom' was appointed, irrespective of his station. The limits of its jurisdiction are not known with certainty; but there is no doubt that the supreme decision over life and death and all (piestiuns of general importance were exclusively in its hands. Be- sides this, however, the regulation of the sacred times and seasons, and many nnitters connected with the cultus in general, except the .sacerdotal part, which was regulated by a special court of priests, were vested in it. It fixed the beginnings of the new moons; intercalated the years when necessary: watched over the purity of the priest- ly families by carefully examining the pedigrees