Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/586

* SANDSTONE. 526 SANDWICH. gtHiIofpcally. It may Iw .-aid in general that those ioiiiul ill the oilier forniations are liardor than those oeeiirrinjj! in the jounger series. A num- U-r of dill'ercnt varieties of sandstone have been ri'<<i^'iii/.ed, anionj; which the following may be HiciUioiK'd: (Jtitiit:iU'. — A sandstone whieli has heiiime hardened and sometimes more highly silicilied by metamorphism. ' Arkosc. — A highly feldspalhic sandstone. Freestone. — A name ap- plied by quarrynien to many sandstones on ac- count of the easy way in which they can be dressed, or cut. lirouustone. — A name formerly applied to certain reddish brown sandstones found in the Kast, but now applied to sandstones of other colors coming from Ihe same localitj' as the original brownstonps. Flagstone. — A hard, thinly bedded, shaly sandstone used for pa.ve- ments. Bluestone. — A kind of flagstone quarried largely in soiitheastcrn Xew York, l^ocaculite. — An e.xtremely finegrained siliceous rock found in .Arkansas. The most important use of sand- stone is as a building material, for vvhieh it is admirably adapted by reason of its durability and the ease with which it can be wrought. Cer- tain varieties are specially favored for struc- tural ]iurposcs; in the Eastern United States the Triassic brownstones of the Connecticut Valley, the Berea sandstone of Ohio, the Medina sand- stone, and the Potsdam quartzite of New York have been most extensively quarried. Varieties that are nearly free from iron oxide and clay are much sought after for use in glass manu- facture and pottery-making. Certain beds of the Kcrea sandstone of Ohio are of value for grind- stones, and the novaculite of Arkansas is highly prized for making oilstones. The value of sandstone for building purposes produced in the United States in 1901 was $6,- 974.199, and the output of bluestone was valued at .$1,104,481. BinLiocRAPnY. Kemp, Haiidlook of Rocks (New York, 1890); Hopkins. "Brownstones of Pennsylvania," in Annual Report of Pennsyl- ravin Stair CoVccie (State College, 1897) ; In- gram. "The Great Bluestone Industry," in Popu- lar Heience Monthly, xlv. ; Buckley, "Building and Ornamental Stones of Wisconsin," in Bulle- tin Wisconsiti Geological Survey, Xo. .'/ (Madison, 1900). SANDSXICKEB, or California Whiting. A dusky gray fish ( Menticirrlnis viidulatus) re- lated to the Eastern kingfish, and common along the sandy coasts of southern California, where it is a food-fish of some importance. It receives its name from an erroneous popular belief that it feeds on sand. SANDUSTfY. A port of entry, and the coun- ty-seat of Erie County, Ohio, 53 'miles south by east of Toledo: on Sandusky Bay, and on the Lake Shore and IMichigan Southern, the Balti- more and Ohio, the Lake Erie and Western, and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis railroads (Map: Ohio, E 3J. It is finely situated, and has a spacious harbor. Cedar Point, a short distance from Sanduskv. is an at- tractive sunmier resort. The State Fish Hatch- ery, public library. Soldiers' Home, the court- house, and Federal building are noteworthy fea- tures. Excellent transportation facilities' have made Sanduslcy of considerable commereial im- portance. A large trade is carried on in coal, fruit, s'one, lime, and lumber, and there are also extensive fish and iee interests. The industrial establishments in the census year 1900 had an invested capital of $4,027,981 and an output valued at .$3,190,342. Tools, chemicals, agricul- tural imidenients, lundjer products, engines, dy- namos, glass, and cement are the principal manu- factures. Ship-building is another important in- dustry. The government, under the general char- ter of 1902, is vested in a mayor, council, and president. Sandusky was settled in 1817 and was incorporated as a city in 1845. On May 10, 1703, Fort Sandusky here was treacherously captured by the Indians, and all the garrison except the eonnnander. Ensign Paully, massacred. Near by in 1782 a force of 480 men under Colonels Williamson and Crawford was defeated by a larger Indian force. Population, in 1890, 18,- 471"; in 1900, 19,064. SAND-WASP. A wasp which makes its nest in a Innrow in the soil, preferably where sandy, and provisions cells in which its eggs are jilaced. (See Digger- W.4SP.) The most prominent species is the great yellow spliecius, which stores cicadas in its burrows and hence is called 'cicada-killer.' SAND'WICH (village on the sands). A town of Kent, England, one of the Cinque Ports, on the Stour, 11 miles north of Dover (Map: England, H 5). It is rectangular. The houses, which seem crushed together, and the architecture of which recalls the Plantagenet period, are strikingly antique in appearance. The Church of Saint Clement's, with a low Nor- man tower, is probably the most interesting edi- fice. The town owns a guild hall, three ancient hospitals, etc. The port admits small vessels of 12 feet draught. The most ancient of the Cinque Ports (q.v.), it occupies the site of the Ro- man Rutupiee. At the commejicement of the eleventh cent;ury, it was the most famous of all the English ports. It was incorporated by Ed- ward III. Within the last 800 years the sea has gradually receded until Sandwich is now two miles from the shore. Population, in 1901, 3174. Consult Burrows, Cinque Ports (London, 1883). SANDWICH, Edward 1Iontagu, Earl of (l(i2.)-72). An Englisli admiral, son of Sir Sid- ney Montagu, a Roy.ilist, but himself in his early youth a Parliamentarian. He raised a regi- ment when eigliteen, fought at ilarston Moor in 1044, and in 1045 at Naseby. In 1056, thanks to his friendship with Cromwell, he was ap- pointed Blake's colleague. Deprived of all com- mands save that of admiral, after the fall of Richard Cromwell. Montagu joined the party in favor of the Restoration. His intrigues at this time, and especially his friction with General ilonk, are vividly sketched in the diary of his secretary, Samuel Pepys. On the return of Charles II. Montagu became Earl of Sandwich, and was intrusted with negotiations for the King's marriage with Catharine of Braganza and for the cession of Tangiers to England. He won the victory of Lowestoft over the Dutch in 1605, and was promoted to be commander-in-chief, from which post he was soon retired bccaiise of his permitting the illegal distribution of prize money by his own officers. But his popularity was largely regained by his successful conclusion of the treaty with Spain in 1608. In 1672. as second in command to the Duke of Y'ork, he was defeated by Ruyter off Solebay: his flagship blew up and he was killed. He is best known by Pepys's admiring and minute portrayal.