Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/584

* SAN DIEGO BARRACKS. 524 SANDRINGHAM. SAN DIEGO BARRACKS (Lalilornia). A L nitoit fStatf.s inilitaiv post in the city of San J)iij;o. It lias quarters for two companies of artillery. SAN DIEGO DE LOS BASOS, di 16s ba'- iiy.js. A ivliliralf'il licaltli resort of Cuba, in the I'roviiiee of I'inar del Kio. among the mountains ■2-2 miles northeast of I'inar del Kio (Map: Cuba, B 4). There are sulphurous springs and baths. IVpiilatum. ill ISO!). 2419. SAN DOMINGO. See Santo Domingo. SANDPAPER. . abrading material made by euatiiig pajier, or less often cloth, with glue and then eoeriiig it with sand. Other polishing materials made in a similar manner are emeiy ixipcr and i/lass paper. Sandpaper is inter- mediate between glass paper and emery paper in its action on metals, and less efi'ective than glass paper on wood, tilcel wool is a substitute for san<lpa]ier. whose chief advantage is its greater pliabilit.y, enabling a worker to polish or smooth down irregular parts of moldings or orna- mental wdodwiirk. SAND-PIKE. One of the local names of the Sanger (q.v. ), especially heard in the Great Lakes region, where this gray fish spends its time mainly over sandy bottom. SANDPIPER (so called from its notes and habit of running along the sand). Any one of a numerous group of shore-birds, of the family SeolopacidiE, arranged in a large number of genera. They are not of large size, rarely over one foot in length ; are very active and graceful in all their movements; their plumage not gay, but of pleasing and finely diversified shades of buft', brown, gray, white, and black; their legs are rallier long, the lower part of the tibia naked, the tail very short, the wings moderately long; the bill rather long and slender, grooved through- out the whole or a considerable part of its length, straight in some, and a little arched in others. Tlie feet liave three long toes before and one short toe behind; the front toes are some- times partly webbed and sometimes cleft to the base; in the sanderling (q.v.) there are only three toes. They are good swimmers, but are not, however, often seen swimming; they fre- quent sandy shores, some of them congregating in numerous flocks in autumn and winter ; and seek their food by probing the sand with their bills, and by catching small crustaceans in jjools or within the margin of the water itself. Many are binls of passage, visiting high northern lati- tudes in summer, and spending the winter on the coasts of more southern regions. The llesh of all the species is good, and some of them are in much request for the table. The sandpipers all build very simple nests on the ground, sometimes in exposed places. The eggs are usually 3 or 4, pyriform, drab, olive, or bufT, heavily spotted with dark brown. They are placed in the nest with the small end at the centre. About twenty species occur in North America, of which the following are the most important: The stilt sandpiper {Micropalma hivKiiitopus) is about nine inches long; in the plumage in which it is seen in the United States, it is brownish-gray, with white tail, upper tail-coverts, and under parts. It breeds in the .rctic regions and passes through the TTnited States durin? the migrations. The knot (q.v.) is a somewhat larger species, while the 'peep' is decidedly smaller, and the stint (q.v.) is also very small. The pectoral sandpiper, or 'fat-bird,' or 'grass-snipe,' is a very widely distributed bird, nine inches long, black and bufl' above, which breeds only in the extreme north. Closely allied to this species, but smaller and with white upper tail-eoverts, is the white-rumped sand])iper (Tringa fuscicol- lis). The red-backed sandpiper is the American representative of the dunlin (q.v.). The purple sandpiper (Trinya mariliiiin) is a beautiful pur- plish species, eminently boreal and shy in its habits, and rare except along the Atlantic coast, where it is commonly called "rock-snipe.' Among the largest sandpipers are the yellowiegs (q.v.) and the solitary sandpiper. These represent the genus Tolanus. The Bartramian sandpiper, or 'upland plover' (Bartrumia longicauda), is common throughout Eastern North America, but is a shy bird, frequenting open fields and pas- tures. The commonest and best known species of this group in the Eastern United States is the spotted sandpiper or 'tip-up' (Actitis macu- laria). It is over seven inches long, green-gray above and white below, marked and spotted with black. It is not uncommon about bodies of fresh water and breeds throughout its range, which in- cludes all of North America. Consult general works on ornithology and shooting; esjjecially Elliot, Xorth American Shore Birds (New York, 1898) ; Coues, Birds of the Xorthwest {Washing- ton, 1874) ; Hudson, Tlie yatiiralist in La Plata (London, 189'2) ; Aflalo, Hport in Europe ( ib., 1901). See Colored Plates of Siiore-Bieds ; Eggs of Water and Game Birds; Plate of Beach Bikd.s. SANDPIPES. Cylindrical tubes descending perpendicularly into the ground, especially in chalk formations, and filled with sand, clay, or gravel. These tubes ta]ier downward, ending in a point, and most probably have been produced by the solvent action of rain water as it drains downward through the soil. SANDRART, zan'drilrt, .Joachim von (ICOO- 88 ) . A German painter, engraver and art-his- torian, born at Frankfort-on-the-Main. He stud- ied at various times under Merian, Sadeler, and at L'trccht under Honthorst, whom be ac- companied to England. In 1027 he went to Italy, where his portraits became so celebrated that he was commissioned to paint several for Pope Urban VIII. He returned to Germany in 163.5, settled two years later at Amsterdam, and in 1G41 on his estate near Ingolstadt. Afterwards he established himself at Nuremberg, where his best-known work, "The Peace-Banquet in 1G49," containing fifty portraits, may be seen in the Rathaus. Of greater importance than his paint- ings are his writings, especially Die deutsehe Akademie dcr cdlcn Ban-, Bild- und Malrreikiinste (107.5-79), revised by Volkmann (1768-75), crit- ical ed. by Sponsel (189(3). SAND-RAT. A small burrowing rodent of the mole-rat family ( Bathyergidse), of which about ten species occur in Africa of the genus Georychus. The name specifically applies to a species in Cape Colony (Oeortjchus Oapensis). SANDRINGHAM, stiu'drtng-om. An estate of 7000 acres near Lynn, in Norfolk, which was the favorite residence of King Edward VII.. as Prince of Wales. It was bought in 1802, and the present brick mansion, in the Elizabethan style, was built about 1870.