Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/579

* SANCTUARY. 51!) SAND. SANCTUARY. A sacicd or consecrated place; soiiietiiues applied specificiiUy to a place wliieli gives protection to those threatened by punishment or vengeance. Among the ancient tirccUs a famous sanctuary was a sacred precinct on tlic northeast shore of tlic Tsthmus uf Corinth inclosed bj- walls and containing rich temples, altars, a theatre, and a .stadium where the Jstlimian games were celebrated. Generally Ihronghout (Grecian civilization the temples, or at least certain of them, alVorded protection to criminals, whom it W'as unlawful to drag from them, although the food which was supplied might be intercepted. Among the^Jews there were cities of refuge to which those might llee who had killed a man unawares. The more ancient canon law of the Western Cliurch rccog- nize<l this protection to those who had committed crimes of violence as continuing for a limited period, sufficient to admit of a composition of the olfense. or at least to give time for the first heat of resentment to pass, before the injured party could seek redress. In several parish churches of England there was a stone seat be- side the altar for those fleeing to the peace of the Church. One of these seats remains at Beverley and another at Hixhani. In England it was not till 15.34 that persons accused of treason were barred the privilege of sanctuary. By an act passed in 1024 the privilege of sanctuary for crime was finally abolished. Various precincts, however, in and about the old city of London continued to afford shelter to debtors. White- friars, adjacent to the temple kno^^l .by the cant name of 'Alsatia,' was such a sanctuary where privilege from arrest prevailed unless against the writ of the Lord Chief Justice. These places were found to harbor conspirators against the Government, and they were finally broken up by King William in 1G97. SANCY, saN'se', Nicolas Harlay de (1.540- 1029). A French soldier and diplomat, born in Paris. He belonged to the younger branch of the great Protestant family of Harlay. He became a Catholic for a few months in 1572 in time to escape death in the Massacre of Saint Barthol- omew, but soon returned to the Huguenot faith. Subsequently he went to Switzerland to secure mercenaries for Heni-j- III., pledging his own valuable jewels, among them the famous Saney diamond. (See DiAMOxn. ) His devotion to the cause of Henry IV. caused the latter to appoint him in 1589 superintendent of finances. Later he served as Ambassador to England, and held high rank in the army. His second and final conversion to Catholicism, which his contempo- raries charged to his ambition, was satirized by D'Auhigne in his Confession de Sanoy. SAND. A loose, incoherent mass composed of fine quartz grains, usually with a small pro- portion of mica, feldspar, magnetite, and other resistant minerals. It is the product of the chemical and mechanical disintegration of rocks under the influences of weathering and abrasion. When freshly formed the particles are usually angular and sharply pointed, becoming smaller and more rounded by attrition when- blown about by the wind or transported by water. Sand is an important constituent of most soils, and is extremely abundant as a surface deposit along the courses of rivers, on the shores of lakes and the sea, and in arid regions. SAND, sU.N-d, Gkokue (1804-76). The name assumed by Armantine Lueile Aiirore, Baroness Dudevanl, a French novelist. She was born in Paris, July 5, 1804. Her father. Maurice Dupin, an ollicer, was the grandson of :Marshal Saxe, the illegitimate .son of Augustus II., King of Poland. She inherited a dashing temperament, democratic sympathies, and a taste fur adventure: but all this was modilied first by the training d! her aris- tocratic giandniother, with whom she renuiined till thirteen at the ancestral homestead in 15erry, then by three years at a Parisian convent (called Ic cuuvciil (lis Anglahes), where she developed a strain of mystic idealism. On her grandmother's death she returned to Berry (1S2(J). and after two years was persuadid to inarry Casimir Dude- ant (1822), a country sipiire. " Willi him she lived eight years. They had two children, to whom she was devoted. From 182!l she lived mainly in Paris on a slender allowance, eked out by decorative painting; in 1331 a partial separation was arranged, and this in 1830 was made final. A ferment of blighted hope, social discontent, intimate knowledge of the aristoc- racy, democratic sym])athy, contact with nature, ideal as|)iration, and religious sentinient were all blended in her first novel Indiana { 1832). Mean- time she had been writing insignificant articles * in the Figaro, at the office of which she met Jules Sandeau. With him she wrote Hose et Blanche, signed 'Jules Sand,' whence she took her own ])scu- donym. In the next forty-thre'e years she pub- lished eighty-four novels, besides writing ten vol- umes of Vorrcspondance, eight of Mdnoires, and five of Drames. Her work falls into four periods. The first, counting as typical ^'alrn^ine (1832), Lelia (1833). Jacques' (1834), Andri^ ( 1835), Leone Leoni ( 1835) , closes with ilaiijirat (1837). Here the etl'ort is to project her own marital experiences and so assert an intense individualism. But all reflect the grief and pride of a neglected wife. The novels after 1834 re- flect also the first bitter disillusionment that came from her putting in practice the theory that passion .should be the rule of life. She had formed a very close attachment with the poet Alfred de Musset; she journeyed with him to Italy (1833-34) and became estranged from him under circumstances much written of and not yet wholly clear. Her own version of the .situ- ation is to be found, with some novclistie em- bellishment, in Elle et lui (1859). Mus.set's brother Paul endeavored to represent his in Lui el elle (1859). This shipwreck of passion, while it weakened Musset's character, greatly deepened hers. Returning to Paris, she made new friends, among them Chopin, Balzac, Liszt, the painter Delacroix, the philosophic priest Lamennais, and. after three years of arrested develop- ment during which she wrote ha derniere Aldini (18.38), Les tnaities Mosaistes (18.38), Le compagnon du tour de France (1840), and Hpiridion (1840). she dazzled the world for eight years with brilliant pleas for the social- istic revolution (1848), giving new life to ro- manticism by .svTiipathetic study of the working class and the peasantry, in which she preceded Sue, Hugo, and Balzac. This is her second man- ner, typical of which are Consuelo (1843), its sequel I^a comtesse de Rndolstadt (1844). Le meunier d'Angibault (1845), and Le pecli^ de