Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 17.djvu/578

* SAN CAKLOS. 518 SAN CABLOS. A town of Luzon, Pliilippine Islaiuls, in tlio I'roviucc of rangrtsiuaii, situated aliout 10 miles suutlieast of LiiiKayeii. near the Maiiila-Daguijaii Uailroad (Map: I'liilippine Isl- ands, E 4). Population estinialt'd, in 1891), at 23.1I.U. SAN CARLOS, Order of. A ^Icxican order for wonifu, fomulcd in 18G5 by Emperor Maxi- milian and cxtinj-uished at his death. The decoration was a green and wliite Latin cross bearing the image of Saint Charles. SAN CATALDO, kAtiil'do. A town in the Prnvinie of Caltanissetta. Sicily, 4 miles by rail west-southwest of Caltanissetta (Map: Italy, H 10). It has a lumdsonie church with relics of Saint Cataldus. There are sulphur mines, oil refineries, and a trade in grain and fruit. Population (coiiMnunr), in 1001, 17,941. SANCHEZ COELLO, siui'chath k6-al'y6, AloXZO. Sec CoELLO, Alonzo Sakchez. SANCHO PANZA, Sp. pron. siin'cho pan'tha. The lazy, good-natured, pot-bellied laborer who accompanied Don Quixote as his squire in Cer- vantes's romance. Famous for his proverbs and shrewd sense, he serves as an admirable foil to the knight, and at last becomes Governor of Barataria, over which he presides with gro- tesque dignity. SANCHUNIATHON, san'knnl'a-thon, or SANCHONIATHON (,Lat., from Gk. Zayxovvtd- fluK, S(iiuhoiiniathTin). The reputed author of a Phtcnician history of Phcenicia and Egypt, called ^ocvcKiKa iaropia, or Ta ioiinKind. Philo Herenius, of Byblus, a Greek writer (born c. 64 a.d. ), claims to have translated Sanchuniathon's his- tory into his own tongue; but of, this transla- tion all is lost save a few fragments relating to mythology and cosmology, ■^^■llich have been preserved by Eusebius in his Prwparatio Evan- gelica. According to Philo, Sanehuniathon lived during the reign of Semiraiuis, the mythical Queen of Assyria, and dedicated his book to Abi- balus, King of Beiytus. Athenseus, Theodoret, Porphyry, and Suidas, on the other hand, speak of him as an ancient Phoenician who lived 'be- fore the Trojan War.' There is also a dis- crepanc}' between the various ancient writers respecting the number of books contained in the Phwnikika, whether eight or nine. The genuine- ness of the fragments ascribed to Sanehuniathon has been the subject of a prolonged discussion. The present position of scholars may be sununed up by the statement that while the existence of a Phu'nician writer of the name of Sanehu- niathon is denied, it is believed that Philo em- bodied in his work current traditions that belong to a relatively high antiquity, and culled his information from various sources. A forgery purporting to contain Philo's complete transla- tion of Sanehuniathon and to have been found at the Convent of Santa Maria de Merinhao, was published by Wagenfeld (Bremen, 1837) and translated into German (Liibeck. 1S37). For the text, consult :.S'rt«c7it(>!;fl*fton(.s Fragmenta (Leip- zig. 182fi) ; Midler, Fragmevta Historiarnm Grrrcorum (Paris, 1848). There is an English translation in Cory, Ancient Fragments (London, 187fi) ; for discussion of the problems involved, consult: Morer, Die Phtiinizier (Bonn, 1849) ; Renan, Mimoire sur Sanehuniathon (Paris, 1858) ; Pietschman, Gesekichte der Phonizier SANCTI SPIEITUS. (Berlin, 1889) ; Gutschmid, Klciiie Schriften (Leipzig, IS'.IO). SAN CKISTOBAL DE LOS LLANOS, kres- to'UiU da 10s lyii'nos (formerly Cn dad de las Cakas). a town of Jlexico, in the State of Chiapas, situated on the plateau forming the base of the Yucatan Peninsula, 0500 feet above the sea (Map: Mexico, N 9). It is surrounded by ruins of ancient Indian cities, and is built on the site of one of these, Huizaeatlan. It has a cathedral, and was the residence of Bishop Las Casas, the famous defender of the Indians. L'p to 1892 it was the capital of the State. Popula- tion, in 1895, 12,000. SAN'CROFT, William (1617-93). Arch- bishop of Canterbury, the most distinguished of the non-jurors (q.v.). He was born in Suffolk, and educated in the grammar school of Bury Saint Eduunids and in Emmanuel College, Cam- bridge. The restoration of Charles II. brought Sancroft the post of chaplain to Cosin, Bishop of Durham. After several preferments he was made Archdeacon of Canterbuiy in 1068, and in 1677 he became Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1088 James II. committed him and six other bishops to the Tower for presenting a l)etition stating their reasons for refusing to lead from their pulpits the Declaration of In- dulgence (q.v.). When James asked Sancroft to sign a declaration expressing abhorrence of the Prince of Orange's invasion, he refused, and afterwards even concurred in an invitation to William of Orange to intervene in English af- fairs. His later attitude to William is to be explained by the fact that though he was in favor of declaring James incapable of ruling, and of appointing William custos regni, his oath of allegiance to James prevented him from sup- porting William as King. Accordingly he ab- sented himself from the convention held by the lords spiritual and temporal to meet the new monarch, and after the settlement he refused, along with seven other bishops, to take the oath of allegiance to the Government, in consequence of which he was suspended by act of Parliament, August 1, 1689. Consult: Lathbury, Eistorij of the Xon-jiirors (London. 1845) ; Burnet, History of His Otcn Time (Oxford, 1833) ; Ranke, His- torif of England, Principally in the Seventeenth Century (Oxford, 1875). SANCTIFICATION (Lat. sanctificatio, from sanctificare, to make holy, from sanctns, holy -(- faeere, to make). In Protestant theology, the process by which the Holy Spirit renews man in the divine image, destroying within him the power of evil, and quickening, educating, and strengthening in him the life of goodness and holiness. It is distinguished from justification, which is considered a judicial act on the part of God's free grace, liberating the sinner from condemnation, absolving and pardoning him once for all. SANCTI SPIRITXJS, s-ink'te spe're-tys. A town of Cuba, in the Province of Santa Clara, about 20 miles from the southern coast of the island and 50 miles southeast of Santa Clara (Map: Cuba, F 5). It was founded by Diego A^elazquez in 1514, and has narrow, crooked streets, and an old church with a high tower dating from the foundation of the town. A railroad runs to the port of Tunas. Population, in 1899, 12,696.